ASTM A504 A504M-2018 Standard Specification for Wrought Carbon Steel Wheels《锻制碳钢车轮标准规范》.pdf

1、Designation: A504/A504M 18Standard Specification forWrought Carbon Steel Wheels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A504/A504M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in

2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers one-wear, two-wear, andmultiple-wear wrought carbon steel wheels for locomotivesand cars, designated Classes L, A, B,

3、and C, heat-treated,wheels.1.2 The service for which the various classes are intended isas follows:1.2.1 Class B or C wheels shall be used for freight cars ininterchange service.1.2.2 Class B or C wheels are recommended for use onlocomotives.1.2.3 For passenger car service, the various classes arein

4、tended generally as follows:1.2.3.1 Class LHigh speed with more severe brakingconditions than other classes and light wheel loads.1.2.3.2 Class AHigh speed with more severe brakingconditions, but moderate wheel loads.1.2.3.3 Class BHigh speed service with severe brakingconditions and heavier wheel l

5、oads.1.2.3.4 Class C(1) Service with light braking conditionsand heavier wheel loads.1.2.3.5 Class C(2) Service with heavier braking condi-tions where off-tread brakes are employed.1.3 Supplemental requirements are provided for use whereadditional testing or additional restrictions are required by t

6、hepurchaser. Supplementary requirements included in Specifica-tion A788/A788M may also be specified by the purchaser forforgings ordered to this specification. Any supplemental re-quirements apply only when specified in the purchase order.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsa

7、re to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text andtables, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in nonconformancewith

8、 the standard.1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specifica-tion designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this st

9、andard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision

10、 on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination ofSteel ForgingsA388/A388M Prac

11、tice for Ultrasonic Examination of SteelForgingsA788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Re-quirementsE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesE399 Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain FractureToughness KIcof Metallic Materials2.2 SAE Documents:3SAE J 442 Te

12、st Strip, Holder and Gage for Shot PeeningSAE J 443 Recommended Practice for Procedures for UsingStandard Shot Peening Test StripSAE J 827 Recommended Practice for Cast Steel ShotSAE J 2277 Shot Peening Coverage Determination2.3 AAR Standard:4AAR M-107/M-208 Wheels, Carbon Steel1This specification i

13、s under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets.Current edition approved March 1, 2018. Published March 2018. Originallyapproved in 1964 to replace A57 and A186. Last previ

14、ous edition approved in 2014as A504/A504M 14. DOI: 10.1520/A0504_A0504M-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe

15、 ASTM website.3Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,PA 15096, http:/www.sae.org.4Available from Association of American Railroads (AAR), 425 Third Street,SW, Washington, DC 20024, http:/www.aar.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardC

16、opyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of Intern

17、ational Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13. Terminology3.1 Definitions(The following terminology is unique tothe Railroad industry).3.1.1 multi-wear wheel, nwheel that has sufficient metalin the rim for more tha

18、n two turnings before it must bereplaced.3.1.2 one wear wheel, nwheel that has only sufficientmetal for the tread to be worn once to condemnable high flangeor thin rim condition.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThere is insufficient metal remaining inthe rim to allow turning or truing of the wheel by machining tot

19、he standard tread contour and still have enough metal in therim to support service loads. Wear refers to the amount of metalon the wheel rim when new, in excess of the condemningthickness of the wheel design.3.1.3 tape size, nrailroad method of expressing wheelcircumference based on measurement with

20、 a steel tape placedaround the tread at the taping line.3.1.3.1 DiscussionFor each wheel size there is a cali-brated tape. Tape size is expressed as the number of one-eighthincrements in circumference from the standard tape for thewheel being measured. An AAR approved tape has four lugs tocorrectly

21、space the tape from the rim so that the tape willmeasure on the taping line. The tapeline is always 11116 in.from the gage point, which is how the tape gage was designed.Some wheel profiles define the tapeline as 3116 in. from theback rim face; this may not be correct.3.1.4 two-wear wheel, nwheel th

22、at has more metal in therim than a one-wear wheel so that the tread can be worn tocondemnable condition and then be restored by machining tothe original tread contour. Thus, two tread wear lives areobtained from this wheel.4. Ordering Information and General Requirements4.1 Material supplied to this

23、 specification shall conform tothe requirements of Specification A788/A788M, which out-lines basic ordering information, manufacturing requirements,testing and retesting methods, marking, certification, productanalysis variations, and additional supplementary require-ments.4.1.1 If the requirements

24、of this specification are in conflictwith the requirements of Specification A788/A788M, therequirements of this specification shall prevail.4.2 Orders for wheels under this specification shall includethe following additional information as appropriate:4.2.1 Class (see Table 1),4.2.2 Full identificat

25、ion of wheel design, including tread andflange contour, and dimensional drawing if required,4.2.3 Rough bore size,4.2.4 Wear category,4.2.5 Alternate magnetic particle acceptance criteria(15.2.3.2),4.2.6 Intended service (see Section 1), and4.2.7 Supplementary requirements from this specification, i

26、frequired.4.2.8 Supplementary requirements from SpecificationA788/A788M, if required.5. Chemical Requirements5.1 Heat Analysis:5.1.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements for chemi-cal composition shown in Table 1.6. Manufacture6.1 DiscardSufficient discard shall be made from eachingot to ensu

27、re freedom from piping and undue segregation.6.2 TemperaturesDuring the manufacture, necessary carein the regulation of temperature gradients shall be exercised toobtain the mechanical properties to be expected from thechemical composition and mechanical work. Immediately afterthe last hot fabricati

28、ng operation (coning or dishing), all wheelsshall be allowed to cool to a temperature below the criticalrange. The cooling shall be controlled to prevent injury by toorapid cooling.7. Heat Treatment7.1 Heat treatment shall consist of treatment of the rim only.7.2 Rim-Quenching TreatmentThe entire wh

29、eel shall bereheated uniformly to the proper temperature to refine the grainTABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsElement % Class L Class A Class B Class CCarbon 0.47 max 0.470.57 0.570.67 0.670.77Manganese 0.600.90 0.600.90 0.600.90 0.600.90Phosphorous, max 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030Sulfur 0.0050.040 0.0050.04

30、0 0.0050.040 0.0050.040Silicon 0.151.00 0.151.00 0.151.00 0.151.00Nickel, maxA0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25Chromium, maxA0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25Molybdenum, maxA0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10Vanadium, maxA0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060Copper, max 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35Aluminum, max 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060Titanium, max 0.03 0.03 0.03 0

31、03Columbium, max (Niobium)B0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05AThe manufacturer may exceed the noted maximum limits for nickel, chromium, molybdenum, or vanadium provided that the following relationship (AAR M-107/M-208)is met:9302 f5703%Cg 2 f803%Mng 2 f20 3 %Sig 2 f503%Crg 2 f303%Nig 2 f203s%Mo1%Vdg . 390BColumb

32、ium (Cb) and Niobium (Nb) are alternate names for Element 41 in the Periodic Table of the Elements.A504/A504M 182and then the rims shall be quenched. Following quenching, thewheel shall be charged into a furnace for tempering to meet therequirements of Section 13, and subsequently cooled undercontro

33、lled conditions.7.3 For production of railroad wheels, the flow of waterduring rim spray quenching shall not be interrupted, oncestarted, until quenching is completed. Similarly, immersionquenching of the rim shall not be interrupted. For non-railroadwheels, water flow may be interrupted per Supplem

34、entaryRequirement S7.8. Shot Peening8.1 ScopeThe plate surfaces (area between the hub andrim) of all wheels shall be shot-peened in accordance with thefollowing requirements:8.2 Requirements:8.2.1 ShotThe shot shall be No. 660 or larger hardenedsteel as specified in SAE J 827.8.2.2 Shot Size Control

35、The peening machines shall beequipped with a separator for continuously removing brokenshot. Sufficient new shot shall be added to ensure that aminimum of 85 % of No. 550 or larger shot (retained on a #14screen as defined by Specification E11) is maintained in themachines at all times.8.2.3 Peening

36、IntensityThe peening intensity shall besufficient to produce an average arc height of not less than0.010 Almen C-2 on the front plate near the hub fillet and onthe back plate near the rim fillet of wheels of the standarddesign, and at back plate hub fillet and front plate rim fillet ofthe reverse pl

37、ate design. The area to be peened is defined as theplate area extended approximately one half of the way into thehub and rim fillet radii on the front and on the back of thewheel.8.2.4 Arc Height MeasurementMeasurements of archeight shall be made in accordance with SAE J 442 or SAE J443.8.2.5 Covera

38、geThe minimum peening time shall be suf-ficient to ensure that full coverage is attained on the Almen Cstrip as defined in the Alternate Procedure of SAE J 2277.8.2.6 SequenceShot peening shall be performed on allwheels and after any corrective surface preparation in the platearea. Plate area is def

39、ined in 8.2.3. Peening may be performedprior to dimensional inspection and nondestructive examina-tion.8.2.7 Portable PeenersA portable peening device may beused to re-peen small reconditioned areas (no larger than about2 by 3 in. 50 by 75 mm) on wheel plate surfaces excludingthe critical fillet are

40、as (front hub and back rim). The portableequipment must be capable of peening an Almen C-2 Strip todevelop the required average arc height of not less than 0.010in. 0.203 mm with a reasonable time of peening. Peeningtime of wheel plates must be at least as long as the timerequired to develop the 0.0

41、10-in. arc height. The equipmentmust be tested on an Almen C Strip each 8-h shift that theportable peener is used. A record of the Almen C test resultsshall be maintained.8.3 Quality Assurance Provisions:8.3.1 Wheel Surface ConditionThe peened appearance ofrim and hub shall not be cause for rejectio

42、n.8.3.2 Frequency of TestArc height determinations shall bemade on Almen strips attached to a test wheel at the beginningand end of each production run but not less than once in eacheight operating hours.8.3.3 RetestIf a test fails to meet the arc height require-ments of 0.010 Almen C-2, two retests

43、 shall be made. Theseretests shall be averaged with the first determination. Theaverage shall be not less than 0.010 and no more than one valueof the three shall be less than 0.010.8.3.4 RepeeningWhen test values fail to meet the provi-sions of 8.3.3, corrective action shall be initiated and satisfa

44、c-tory test values secured before proceeding with productionpeening. If the average Almen value is less than 0.010, all thewheels peened since the last satisfactory test shall be repeenedwith full exposure.9. Retreatment9.1 Any wheel failing to meet the requirements of Section13 may be retreated and

45、 tested in accordance with 13.1 and13.2.10. Mating10.1 Wheels shall be measured and marked to the lowertape number until the next graduation is reached. Wheels shallbe shipped in pairs of the same measured tape size.NOTE 1The tables of tape sizes may be referred to in the Wheel andAxle Manual of the

46、 Association of American Railroads.11. Permissible Dimensional Variations11.1 The wheels shall conform to the permissible dimensionvariations specified in Table 2. When the permissible dimen-sion variations in Table 2 allow a certain percentage of thewheels to vary by a given amount from standard di

47、mensionsfor tape size, the percentage of such wheels shipped by anymanufacturer shall not exceed this percentage during a calen-dar year. No individual purchaser may receive more than thispercentage in daily shipments of such wheels except byagreement with the manufacturer.12. Finish12.1 Wheels shal

48、l be rough bored and shall not have blackspots in the rough bore. The front and back hub faces of wheelsshall be parallel to the plane of the vertical reference line andshall be machined.12.2 Wheels shall be machined and finished smooth withoutexcessive tool chatter.12.3 Wheels shall be given a thor

49、ough surface examinationand gauging at the place of manufacture before being offeredfor inspection. They shall have a workmanlike finish and mustbe free of conditions likely to develop in or cause removal fromservice.12.4 Wheels shall not be covered with any substance to suchan extent as to hide defects.12.5 “As forged” surfaces shall be free of abrupt changes insection or grooves and in a clean condition free of scale priorA504/A504M 183to final inspection. Where corrective machining or grinding hasbeen employed, such surfaces sh