1、Designation: A578/A578M 07 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Specification forStraight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Rolled Steel Platesfor Special Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A578/A578M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original ado
2、ption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.
3、 Scope1.1 This specification2covers the procedure and acceptancestandards for straight-beam, pulse-echo, ultrasonic examina-tion of rolled carbon and alloy steel plates,38 in. 10 mm inthickness and over, for special applications. The method willdetect internal discontinuities parallel to the rolled
4、surfaces.Three levels of acceptance standards are provided. Supplemen-tary requirements are provided for alternative procedures.1.2 Individuals performing examinations in accordance withthis specification shall be qualified and certified in accordancewith the requirements of the latest edition of AS
5、NT SNT-TC-1A or an equivalent accepted standard. An equivalentstandard is one which covers the qualification and certificationof ultrasonic nondestructive examination candidates and whichis acceptable to the purchaser.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded sep
6、arately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concer
7、ns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A263 Specification for Stainless Chromium
8、 Steel-CladPlateA264 Specification for Stainless Chromium-Nickel Steel-Clad PlateA265 Specification for Nickel and Nickel-Base Alloy-CladSteel Plate2.2 ANSI Standard:4B 46.1 Surface Texture2.3 ASNT Standard:5SNT-TC-1A3. Ordering Information3.1 The inquiry and order shall indicate the following:3.1.1
9、 Acceptance level requirements (Sections 7, 8, and 9).Acceptance Level B shall apply unless otherwise agreed to bypurchaser and manufacturer.3.1.2 Any additions to the provisions of this specification asprescribed in 5.2, 13.1, and Section 10.3.1.3 Supplementary requirements, if any.4. Apparatus4.1
10、The amplitude linearity shall be checked by positioningthe transducer over the depth resolution notch in the IIW orsimilar block so that the signal from the notch is approximately30 % of the screen height, and the signal from one of the back1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commi
11、ttee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.11 on Steel Plates for Boilers and Pressure Vessels.Current edition approved March 1, 2012. Published March 2012. Originallyapproved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as A578/A578M
12、07.DOI: 10.1520/A0578_A0578M-07R12.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Specifi-cation SA-578/SA-578M in Section II of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of
13、 ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Available fromAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Bo
14、x28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.surfaces is approximately 60 % of the screen height (two timesthe height of the signal from the notch). A curve i
15、s then plottedshowing the deviations from the above established 2:1 ratiothat occurs as the amplitude of the signal from the notch israised in increments of one scale division until the backreflection signal reaches full scale, and then is lowered inincrements of one scale division until the notch s
16、ignal reachesone scale division. At each increment the ratio of the twosignals is determined. The ratios are plotted on the graph at theposition corresponding to the larger signal. Between the limitsof 20 and 80 % of the screen height, the ratio shall be within10 % of 2:1. Instrument settings used d
17、uring inspection shallnot cause variation outside the 10 % limits established above.4.2 The transducer shall be 1 or 118 in. 25 or 30 mm indiameter or 1 in. 25 mm square.4.3 Other search units may be used for evaluating andpinpointing indications.5. Procedure5.1 Perform the inspection in an area fre
18、e of operations thatinterfere with proper performance of the test.5.2 Unless otherwise specified, make the ultrasonic exami-nation on either major surface of the plate.5.3 The plate surface shall be sufficiently clean and smoothto maintain a first reflection from the opposite side of the plateat lea
19、st 50 % of full scale during scanning. This may involvesuitable means of scale removal at the manufacturers option.Condition local rough surfaces by grinding. Restore anyspecified identification which is removed when grinding toachieve proper surface smoothness.5.4 Perform the test by one of the fol
20、lowing methods: directcontact, immersion, or liquid column coupling. Use a suitablecouplant such as water, soluble oil, or glycerin. As a result ofthe test by this method, the surface of plates may be expectedto have a residue of oil or rust or both.5.5 A nominal test frequency of 214 MHz is recomme
21、nded.When testing plates less than34 in. 20 mm thick a frequencyof 5 MHz may be necessary. Thickness, grain size or micro-structure of the material and nature of the equipment or methodmay require a higher or lower test frequency. Use the trans-ducers at their rated frequency. A clean, easily interp
22、reted tracepattern should be produced during the examination.5.6 Scanning:5.6.1 Scanning shall be along continuous perpendicular gridlines on nominal 9-in. 225-mm centers, or at the option of themanufacturer, shall be along continuous parallel paths, trans-verse to the major plate axis, on nominal 4
23、-in. 100-mmcenters, or shall be along continuous parallel paths parallel tothe major plate axis, on 3-in. 75-mm or smaller centers.Measure the lines from the center or one corner of the platewith an additional path within 2 in. 50 mm of all edges of theplate on the searching surface.5.6.2 Conduct th
24、e general scanning with an instrumentadjustment that will produce a first reflection from the oppositeside of a sound area of the plate from 50 to 90 % of full scale.Minor sensitivity adjustments may be made to accommodatefor surface roughness.5.6.3 When a discontinuity condition is observed duringg
25、eneral scanning adjust the instrument to produce a firstreflection from the opposite side of a sound area of the plate of75 6 5 % of full scale. Maintain this instrument setting duringevaluation of the discontinuity condition.6. Recording6.1 Record all discontinuities causing complete loss of backre
26、flection.6.2 For plates34 in. 20 mm thick and over, record allindications with amplitudes equal to or greater than 50 % of theinitial back reflection and accompanied by a 50 % loss of backreflection.NOTE 1Indications occurring midway between the initial pulse andthe first back reflection may cause a
27、 second reflection at the location of thefirst back reflection. When this condition is observed it shall be investi-gated additionally by use of multiple back reflections.6.3 Where grid scanning is performed and recordable con-ditions as in 6.1 and 6.2 are detected along a given grid line, theentire
28、 surface area of the squares adjacent to this indicationshall be scanned. Where parallel path scanning is performedand recordable conditions as in 6.1 and 6.2 are detected, theentire surface area ofa9by9-in. 225 by 225-mm squarecentered on this indication shall be scanned. The true bound-aries where
29、 these conditions exist shall be established in eithermethod by the following technique: Move the transducer awayfrom the center of the discontinuity until the height of the backreflection and discontinuity indications are equal. Mark theplate at a point equivalent to the center of the transducer.Re
30、peat the operation to establish the boundary.7. Acceptance StandardLevel A7.1 Any area where one or more discontinuities produce acontinuous total loss of back reflection accompanied by con-tinuous indications on the same plane (within 5 % of platethickness) that cannot be encompassed within a circl
31、e whosediameter is 3 in. 75 mm or12 of the plate thickness,whichever is greater, is unacceptable.8. Acceptance StandardsLevel B8.1 Any area where one or more discontinuities produce acontinuous total loss of back reflection accompanied by con-tinuous indications on the same plane (within 5 % of plat
32、ethickness) that cannot be encompassed within a circle whosediameter is 3 in. 75 mm or12 of the plate thickness,whichever is greater, is unacceptable.8.2 In addition, two or more discontinuities smaller thandescribed in 8.1 shall be unacceptable unless separated by aminimum distance equal to the gre
33、atest diameter of the largerdiscontinuity or unless they may be collectively encompassedby the circle described in 8.1.9. Acceptance StandardLevel C9.1 Any area where one or more discontinuities produce acontinuous total loss of back reflection accompanied by con-tinuous indications on the same plan
34、e (within 5 % of platethickness) that cannot be encompassed within a 1-in. 25-mmdiameter circle is unacceptable.A578/A578M 07 (2012)210. Report10.1 Unless otherwise agreed to by the purchaser and themanufacturer, the manufacturer shall report the following data:10.1.1 All recordable indications list
35、ed in Section 6 on asketch of the plate with sufficient data to relate the geometryand identity of the sketch to those of the plate.10.1.2 Test parameters including: Make and model of in-strument, test frequency, surface condition, transducer (typeand frequency), and couplant.10.1.3 Date of test.11.
36、 Inspection11.1 The inspector representing the purchaser shall haveaccess at all times, while work on the contract of the purchaseris being performed, to all parts of the manufacturers worksthat concern the ultrasonic testing of the material ordered. Themanufacturer shall afford the inspector all re
37、asonable facilitiesto satisfy him that the material is being furnished in accordancewith this specification. All tests and inspections shall be madeat the place of manufacture prior to shipment, unless otherwisespecified, and shall be conducted without interfering unneces-sarily with the manufacture
38、rs operations.12. Rehearing12.1 The manufacturer reserves the right to discuss reject-able ultrasonically tested plate with the purchaser with theobject of possible repair of the ultrasonically indicated defectbefore rejection of the plate.13. Marking13.1 Plates accepted according to this specificat
39、ion shall beidentified by stenciling (stamping) “UT A578A” on onecorner for Level A, “UT A578B” for Level B, and “UTA578C” for Level C. The supplement number shall be addedfor each supplementary requirement ordered.14. Keywords14.1 nondestructive testing; pressure containing parts; pres-sure vessel
40、steels; steel plate for pressure vessel applications;steel plates; ultrasonic examinationsSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSThese supplementary requirements shall apply only when individually specified by the purchaser.When details of these requirements are not covered herein, they are subject to agreement
41、between themanufacturer and the purchaser.S1. ScanningS1.1 Scanning shall be continuous over 100 % of the platesurface along parallel paths, transverse or parallel to the majorplate axis, with not less than 10 % overlap between each path.S2. Acceptance StandardS2.1 Any recordable condition listed in
42、 Section 6 that (1)iscontinuous, (2) is on the same plane (within 5 % of the platethickness), and (3) cannot be encompassed by a 3-in. 75-mmdiameter circle, is unacceptable. Two or more recordableconditions (see Section 5), that (1) are on the same plane(within 5 % of plate thickness), (2) individua
43、lly can beencompassed by a 3-in. 75-mm diameter circle, (3) areseparated from each other by a distance less than the greatestdimension of the smaller indication, and (4) collectively cannotbe encompassed by a 3-in. 75-mm diameter circle, areunacceptable.S2.2 An acceptance level more restrictive than
44、 Section 7 or8 shall be used by agreement between the manufacturer andpurchaser.S3. ProcedureS3.1 The manufacturer shall provide a written procedure inaccordance with this specification.S4. CertificationS4.1 The manufacturer shall provide a written certificationof the ultrasonic test operators quali
45、fications.S5. Surface FinishS5.1 The surface finish of the plate shall be conditioned toa maximum 125 in. 3 mAA(seeANSI B 46.1) prior to test.S6. WithdrawnSee Specifications A263, A264, and A265 for equivalentdescriptions for clad quality level.S7. WithdrawnSee Specifications A263, A264, and A265 fo
46、r equivalentdescriptions for clad quality level.S8. Ultrasonic Examination Using Flat Bottom HoleCalibration (for Plates 4 in. 100 mm Thick andGreater)S8.1 Use the following calibration and recording proceduresin place of 5.6.2, 5.6.3, and Section 6.S8.2 The transducer shall be in accordance with 4.
47、2.S8.3 Reference ReflectorsThe T/4, T/2, and 3T/4 deep flatbottom holes shall be used to calibrate the equipment. The flatbottom hole diameter shall be in accordance with Table S8.1.The holes may be drilled in the plate to be examined if they canTABLE S8.1 Calibration Hole Diameter as a Function of
48、PlateThickness (S8)Plate Thickness, in. mm46100150691502259122253001220300500Hole Diameter, in. mm58 1634 1978 22 118 29A578/A578M 07 (2012)3be located without interfering with the use of the plate, in aprolongation of the plate to be examined, or in a referenceblock of the same nominal composition,
49、 and thermal treatmentas the plate to be examined. The surface of the reference blockshall be no better to the unaided eye than the plate surface tobe examined. The reference block shall be of the same nominalthickness (within 75 to 125 % or 1 in. 25 mm of the examinedplate, whichever is less) and shall have acoustical propertiessimilar to the examined plate. Acoustical similarity is pre-sumed when, without a change in instrument setting, compari-son of the back reflection signals between
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