1、Designation: A602 94 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Specification forAutomotive Malleable Iron Castings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A602; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers castings of ferritic, pearlitic,tempered pearlitic, and tempered martensitic grades of mal-leable iron use
3、d in the products of the automotive and alliedindustries. Castings shall be heat treated to meet this specifi-cation.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only
4、and are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials3. Grades3.1 The specified grades with required hardness range andfinal heat treatment are shown in Table 1.3.2 The foundry may also produce Grades M4504 andM5003 by l
5、iquid quenching and tempering or alloying, or both.4. Hardness4.1 The foundry shall exercise the necessary controls andinspection procedures to ensure compliance with the specifiedhardness range. Hardness readings shall be taken in accordancewith Test Method E10 after sufficient material has beenrem
6、oved from the casting surface to ensure representativehardness readings. The area or areas on the casting wherehardness is to be checked shall be established by agreementbetween supplier and purchaser and shown on the drawing.5. Microstructure Requirements5.1 Grade M3210 Ferritic Malleable Iron:5.1.
7、1 The microstructure of Grade M3210 malleable ironshall consist of temper-carbon nodules distributed in a matrixof ferrite.5.1.2 Because of reaction with the annealing furnaceatmosphere, some depletion of carbon and silicon occurs at thesurface of the castings. This usually results in a rim which ca
8、nconsist of coarse lamellar pearlite underlying a graphite-freeferritic surface layer. If the pearlite layer is excessive, it canresult in poor machinability. The rim, therefore, shall notexceed a depth greater than 0.050 in. (1.27 mm) as measuredfrom the casting surface.5.1.3 The area below the rim
9、 can contain some pearlite;however, it shall not exceed the amount shown in Fig. 1.5.2 Grades M4504, M5003, M7002, and M8501:5.2.1 The microstructure of these other grades of malleableiron shall consist of temper-carbon nodules distributed in amatrix of ferrite and lamellar pearlite or tempered pear
10、lite inair-quenched castings or a matrix of tempered martensite in thecase of liquid-quenched castings.5.2.2 Because of reaction with the annealing furnaceatmosphere, some depletion of carbon and silicon occurs at thesurface of the castings. This usually results in a rim which canconsist of a graphi
11、te-free layer sometimes containing more orless combined carbon than the underlying material.5.3 All grades shall be free of primary graphite.5.4 All grades shall not exceed 2 % spheroidal primarycarbides in the microstructure.5.5 The maximum surface ferrite layer and denodularizedzone shall be measu
12、red after polishing, etching in nital, andviewing at 100.6. Quality Assurance6.1 Sampling plans are a matter of agreement betweensupplier and purchaser. The supplier shall employ adequateequipment and controls to ensure that parts conform to theagreed upon requirements.7. General7.1 Castings furnish
13、ed to this specification shall be repre-sentative of good foundry practice and shall conform todimensions and tolerances specified on the casting drawing.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on IronCastings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.02 on Mal
14、leable andDuctile Iron Castings.Current edition approved April 1, 2014. Published April 2014. Originallyapproved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as A602 94 (2009).DOI: 10.1520/A0602-94R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Se
15、rvice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States17.2 Minor imperfections usually not associa
16、ted with thestructural function may occur in castings. These imperfectionsoften are repairable; however, repairs shall be made only inareas allowed by the purchaser and only by approved methods.7.3 Additional casting requirements may be agreed uponbetween the purchaser and supplier. These should app
17、ear asadditional product requirements on the casting drawing.8. Keywords8.1 casting; ferrite; malleable iron; mechanical properties;pearlite; temper carbon nodules; tensile strength; yield strengthAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION OF MALLEABLE IRONX1.1 Definition and Classif
18、icationX1.1.1 malleable irona cast iron in which the graphite ispresent as temper-carbon nodules instead of flakes, as in grayiron, or small spherulites, as in ductile iron.X1.1.2 The term malleable iron includes all grades ofmalleable iron, including those with a ferritic, pearlitic, tem-pered pear
19、lite, or tempered martensite matrix.X1.2 Chemical CompositionX1.2.1 The chemical composition of malleable iron gener-ally conforms to the following range:Element Composition, %Total carbon 2.202.90Silicon 0.901.90Manganese 0.151.25Sulfur 0.020.20Phosphorus 0.020.15X1.2.2 Individual foundries will pr
20、oduce to narrower rangesthan those shown above. The composition is controlled suchthat the molten iron solidifies with all the carbon in thecombined form producing a “white iron structure free ofgraphite, which is heat treated to specifications.X1.3 MicrostructureX1.3.1 The microstructure of malleab
21、le iron consists of amatrix of ferrite, pearlite, tempered pearlite, or temperedmartensite or combinations of these containing temper carbonnodules (see Figs. X1.1-X1.6). The structure of the matrix iscontrolled by heat treatment or composition, or both.X1.3.2 The matrix of the M3210 grade of mallea
22、ble iron isessentially free of combined carbon but a small amount ofpearlite is permitted.X1.3.3 The matrices of the other grades of malleable ironcontain combined carbon as pearlite, tempered pearlite, ortempered martensite.TABLE 1 Grades of Malleable IronGradeCasting HardnessRangeHeat TreatmentM32
23、10 156 HB max4.8 BIDAminannealedM4504 163217 HB4.74.1 BIDAair quenched and temperedM5003 187241 HB4.43.9 BIDAair quenched and temperedM5503 187241 HB4.43.9 BIDAliquid quenched and temperedM7002 229269 HB4.03.7 BIDAliquid quenched and temperedM8501 269302 HB3.73.5 BIDAliquid quenched and temperedABri
24、nell impression diameter (BID) is the diameter in millimetres of the impressionof a 10-mm ball at 3000-kg load.FIG. 1 Reference Photomicrograph Showing Allowable Pearlitein Grade M3210 Iron (100 ; 2 % Nital Etch)FIG. X1.1 Grade M3210, Approximately HB 143 (100)A602 94 (2014)2X1.3.4 Because of reacti
25、on with the annealing furnaceatmosphere, some depletion of carbon and silicon occurs at thesurface of the castings. This usually results in a rim, which ifexcessive, can result in poor machinability. The rim on M3210malleable iron can consist of coarse pearlite underlying agraphite-free ferritic sur
26、face layer. The rim on the other gradescan consist of a graphite-free layer sometimes containing moreor less combined carbon than the underlying material.X1.4 Mechanical PropertiesX1.4.1 The mechanical properties listed in Table X1.1 canbe used for design purposes but the suitability of a particular
27、grade for an intended use is best determined by laboratory orservice tests.X1.4.2 The mechanical properties vary with microstructureand hardness. For optimum mechanical properties, especiallyin the liquid-quenched and tempered grades, section sizeshould be limited to34 in. (19.05 mm) to ensure a uni
28、formstructure.X1.5 Typical ApplicationsX1.5.1 Grade M3210 is used in less highly stressed partswhere good machinability is important such as steering gearhousings, carriers, and mounting brackets.X1.5.2 Grade M4504 is used where slightly higher strengthand hardness is required such as certain compre
29、ssor crank-shafts and hubs.X1.5.3 Grade M5003 is used where moderate strength orselective hardening, or both, are required for parts such asplanet carriers, certain transmission gears, and differentialcases.X1.5.4 Grade M5503 is used where better machinability orimproved response to induction harden
30、ing, or both, are neces-sary for parts requiring moderate strength.X1.5.5 Grade M7002 is used for parts where high strengthis required such as connecting rods and universal joint yokes.X1.5.6 Grade M8501 is used where high strength and wearresistance are required, such as certain gears.FIG. X1.2 Gra
31、de M4504, Approximately HB 207 (100)FIG. X1.3 Grade M5003, Approximately HB 229 (100)FIG. X1.4 Grade M5503, Approximately HB 229 (100)FIG. X1.5 Grade M7002, Approximately HB 262 (100)A602 94 (2014)3X1.6 Additional InformationX1.6.1 Additional information on malleable iron may befound in Refs. 1-6.33
32、The boldface numbers refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.FIG. X1.6 Grade M8501 Approximately HB 285 (100)TABLE X1.1 Typical Mechanical Properties for Design PurposesGrade Hardness Range Heat TreatmentTensile Strength, psi(MPa)YieldStrength,psi (0.2percentoffset)(MPa)PercentEl
33、ongationin 2 in. or50 mmModulus ofElasticity,Million psi(GPa)M3210156 HB max4.8 BIDAminannealed 50 000 (345) 32 000 (221) 10 25 (172)M4504163217 HB4.74.1 BIDAair or liquid quenched andtempered65 000 (448) 45 000 (310) 4 26 (179)M5003187241 HB4.43.9 BIDAair or liquid quenched andtempered75 000 (517)
34、50 000 (345) 3 26 (179)M5503187241 HB4.43.9 BIDAliquid quenched andtempered75 000 (517) 55 000 (379) 3 26 (179)M7002229269 HB4.03.7 BIDAliquid quenched andtempered90 000 (621) 70 000 (483) 2 26 (179)M8501269302 HB3.73.5 BIDAliquid quenched andtempered10 000 (724) 85 000 (586) 1 26 (179)ABrinell impr
35、ession diameter (BID) is the diameter in millimetres of the impression of a 10-mm ball at 3000-kg load.A602 94 (2014)4REFERENCES(1) Cast Metals Handbook, American Foundrymens Society, DesPlaines, IL.(2) Malleable Iron Castings, Malleable Founders Society, Cleveland, OH.(3) Metals Handbook, Vol 1, 2,
36、 and 5, 8th Edition, American Society forMetals, Metals Park, OH.(4) Modern Pearlitic Malleable Castings Handbook, Malleable Researchand Development Foundation, Dayton, OH.(5) Angus, H. D., Physical and Engineering Properties of Cast Iron,British Cast Iron Research Association, Alvechurch, Birmingha
37、m,Eng., 1960.(6) Gilbert, G. N. J., Engineering Data on Cast Irons, British Cast IronResearch Assoc., 1968.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised th
38、at determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reappr
39、oved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you f
40、eel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual re
41、prints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).A602 94 (2014)5
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