ASTM A781 A781M-2006 Standard Specification for Castings Steel and Alloy Common Requirements for General Industrial Use.pdf

1、Designation: A 781/A 781M 06Standard Specification forCastings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, forGeneral Industrial Use1This standard is issued under the fixed designationA 781/A 781M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of

2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers a group of requirements thatare mandatory requirements of the follow

3、ing steel castingspecifications issued by ASTM. If the product specificationspecifies different requirements, the product specification shallprevail.ASTMDesignation Title of SpecificationA 27/A 27M Steel Castings, Carbon, for General ApplicationA 128/A 128M Steel Castings, Austenitic ManganeseA 148/

4、A 148M Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural Pur-posesA 297/A 297M Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant for GeneralApplicationA 447/A 447M Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy(25-12 Class), for High-Temperature ServiceA 494/A 494M Castings, Nickel and

5、Nickel AlloyA 560/A 560M Castings, Chromium-Nickel AlloyA 743/A 743M Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel,Corrosion Resistant, for General ApplicationA 744/A 744M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Re-sistant, for SevereA 747/A 747M Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation Harden-ing

6、A 890/A 890M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-MolybdenumCorrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic)for General ApplicationA 915/A 915M Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, Chemical Re-quirements Similar to Standard Wrought GradesA 958 Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with TensileRequirements, Chem

7、ical Requirements Similiarto Standard Wrought GradesA 1002 Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Ordered Alloy1.2 This specification also covers a group of supplementaryrequirements that may be applied to the above specifications asindicated therein. These are provided for use when additionaltesting or inspecti

8、on is desired and apply only when specifiedindividually by the purchaser in the order.1.3 The requirements of the individual material specifica-tion, and this general specification shall prevail in the sequencenamed.1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI unitsare to be regarded separ

9、ately as standard. Within the text, theSI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in eachsystem are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system mustbe used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-cation. Inch-pound units

10、 are applicable for material ordered toSpecification A 781 and SI units for material ordered toSpecification A 781M.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 27/A 27M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, forGeneral ApplicationA 128/A 128M Specification for Steel Castings, AusteniticManganese

11、A 148/A 148M Specification for Steel Castings, HighStrength, for Structural PurposesA 297/A 297M Specification for Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant, forGeneral ApplicationA 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testingof Steel ProductsA 380 Practice fo

12、r Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation ofStainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and SystemsA 447/A 447M Specification for Steel Castings,Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-12 Class), for High-Temperature ServiceA 488/A 488M Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Quali-fications of Procedures and PersonnelA 49

13、4/A 494M Specification for Castings, Nickel andNickel AlloyA 560/A 560M Specification for Castings, Chromium-Nickel AlloyA 609/A 609M Practice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Alloy,and Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic ExaminationThereofA 743/A 743M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium,Iron-Chr

14、omium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for GeneralApplication1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.18 on Castings.Current edition approved June 15, 2006. Published June 2006. Ori

15、ginallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as A 781/A 781M 05a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary p

16、age onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.A 744/A 744M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for Severe S

17、erviceA 747/A 747M Specification for Steel Castings, Stainless,Precipitation HardeningA 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology forChemical Analysis of Steel ProductsA 800/A 800M Practice for Steel Casting, Austenitic Alloy,Estimating Ferrite Content ThereofA 802/A 802M Practice for Steel Casti

18、ngs, Surface Accep-tance Standards, Visual ExaminationA 890/A 890M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex(Austenitic/Ferritic) for General ApplicationA 915/A 915M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon,and Alloy, Chemical Requirements Similar to Sta

19、ndardWrought GradesA 941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Re-lated Alloys, and FerroalloysA 958 Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy,with Tensile Requirements, Chemical Requirements Simi-lar to Standard Wrought GradesA 967 Specification for Chemical Passivation Treatment

20、sfor Stainless Steel PartsA 991/A 991M Test Method for Conducting TemperatureUniformity Surveys of Furnaces Used to Heat Treat SteelProductsA 1002 Specification for Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Or-dered AlloyE94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE 125 Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indica-

21、tions on Ferrous CastingsE 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant ExaminationE 186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412-in. 51 to 114-mm) Steel CastingsE 280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to12-in. 114 to 305-mm) Steel CastingsE 340 Test Method for Macroetching Metals and Allo

22、ysE 353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless,Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar Chromium-Nickel-Iron AlloysE 354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron,Nickel, and Cobalt AlloysE 446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Cas

23、tings Up to 2 in.51 mm in ThicknessE 709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Examination3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The definitions in Test Methods and DefinitionsA 370, Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A 751, andTerminology A 941 are applicable to this specification andthose listed in 1.1.3

24、.1.2 test coupon, nthe part from which the test specimenwill be extracted.3.1.3 test specimen, nthe part that will be acted upon in atest.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Melting ProcessThe steel shall be made by open-hearth or electric furnace process with or without separaterefining, such as argon-

25、oxygen-decarburization (AOD), unlessotherwise specified in the individual specification.4.2 Heat Treatment:4.2.1 Castings shall be heat treated in the working zone of afurnace that has been surveyed in accordance with Test MethodA 991/A 991M.4.2.2 When castings are heat treated at temperatures above

26、2000F 1100C, then the working zone shall have beenestablished by a survey performed at not more than 25F15C below nor more than 200F 110C above the mini-mum heat treatment temperature specified for the grade. If aminimum heat treatment temperature is not specified for thegrade, then the survey tempe

27、rature shall be not more than 50F30C below nor more than 175F 100C above the furnaceset point used.4.2.3 The maximum variation in measured temperature asdetermined by the difference between the highest temperatureand the lowest temperature shall be as agreed between thepurchaser and producer except

28、that during production heattreatment, no portion of the furnace shall be below theminimum specified temperature nor above the maximumspecified temperature for the grade being processed.5. Chemical Composition5.1 Chemical AnalysisChemical analysis of materialscovered by this specification shall be in

29、 accordance with TestMethods, Practices, and Terminology A 751.5.2 Heat AnalysisAn analysis of each heat shall be madeby the manufacturer to determine the percentages of theelements specified in the individual specification for the gradebeing poured. The analysis shall be made from a test samplepref

30、erably taken during the pouring of the heat. When drillingsare used, they shall be taken not less than14 in. 6.4 mmbeneath the surface. The chemical composition thus deter-mined shall conform to the requirements in the individualspecification for the grade being poured.5.3 Product AnalysisA product

31、analysis may be made bythe purchaser from material representing each heat, lot, orcasting. The analysis shall be made on representative material.Samples for carbon analysis of carbon and alloy steel shall betaken no closer than14 in. 6 mm to a cast surface, except thatcastings too thin for this shal

32、l be analyzed on representativematerial. The chemical composition thus determined shall meetthe requirements specified in the applicable specification forthe grade involved, or shall be subject to rejection by thepurchaser, except that the chemical composition determined forcarbon and low alloy stee

33、l castings may vary from the specifiedlimits by the amounts shown in Table 1. The product analysistolerances of Table 1 are not applicable as acceptance criteriafor heat analysis by the casting manufacturer. When comparingproduct and heat analysis for other than carbon and low alloysteels, the repro

34、ducibility Data R2, in Test Methods E 353 orE 354, as applicable, shall be taken into consideration.A 781/A 781M 0625.4 Unspecified ElementsWhen chemical analysis for el-ements not specified for the grade ordered is desired, Supple-mentary Requirement S13 may be specified.5.4.1 Grade substitution, f

35、or stainless steel or nickel basealloy castings, is not permitted. Grade substitution occurs whenthe material supplied:(1) contains an element, other than nitrogen, that is notspecified in the ordered grade; and,(2) the amount of that element equals or exceeds theminimum requirement for the element

36、in another grade forwhich it is specified.For this requirement, a grade is defined as an alloy describedindividually in a table of chemical requirements within anyspecification listed within the scope of A 781/A 781M.6. Mechanical Test Requirements6.1 The individual product specifications vary as to

37、 whethermechanical tests are required; for this reason, and to determinespecific test requirements, the individual product specificationshould be reviewed.6.2 Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, whenmechanical properties are required by the product specifica-tion, test coupons may be cast i

38、ntegrally with the castings, oras separate blocks, in accordance with Fig. 1, Fig. 2,orFig. 3,except when Supplementary Requirement S15 is specified. Thetest coupon in Fig. 3 shall be employed only for austenitic alloycastings with cross sections less than 212 in. 65 mm.37. Workmanship, Finish, and

39、Appearance7.1 All castings shall be made in a workmanlike manner andshall conform to the dimensions on drawings furnished by thepurchaser before manufacture is started. If the pattern issupplied by the purchaser, the dimensions of the casting shallbe as predicated by the pattern.8. Quality8.1 The su

40、rface of the casting shall be free of adhering sand,scale, cracks, and hot tears as determined by visual examina-tion. Other surface discontinuities shall meet the visual accep-tance standards specified in the order. Practice A 802/A 802Mor other visual standards may be used to define acceptablesurf

41、ace discontinuities and finish. Unacceptable visual surfacediscontinuities shall be removed and their removal verified byvisual examination of the resultant cavities.8.2 When additional inspection is desired, SupplementaryRequirements S1, S2, S3, S4, or S5 may be specified.8.3 Rejectable indications

42、 shall not be peened, plugged, orimpregnated.9. Repair9.1 Repair by welding shall be in accordance with therequirements of the individual specification using proceduresand welders qualified in accordance with Practice A 488/A 488M.10. Inspection10.1 The manufacturer shall afford the purchasers inspe

43、ctorall reasonable facilities necessary to satisfy that the material isbeing produced and furnished in accordance with the appli-cable specification. Foundry inspection by the purchaser shallnot interfere unnecessarily with the manufacturers operations.All tests and inspections, with the exception o

44、f productanalysis (5.3), shall be made at the place of manufacture unlessotherwise agreed.11. Rejection11.1 Subsequent to acceptance at the manufacturers works,material that is found to be unacceptable as determined byrequirements specified in the order may be rejected by thepurchaser. The manufactu

45、rer should be notified of such rejec-tion. If the manufacturer is dissatisfied with the results of anytests performed by the purchaser, he may make claim for arehearing.12. Keywords12.1 castings; common requirements; steel and alloy3Information on the relationship of mechanical properties determined

46、 on testcoupons obtained as specified in 6.2 with those obtained from the casting may befound in The Steel Casting Handbook, Fifth Edition, Steel Founders Society ofAmerica, pp. 15-35 through 15-43, 1980.TABLE 1 Product Analysis TolerancesElement Range, %ATolerancesB,COverMaximum or UnderMinimum Lim

47、it, %C upto0.65above 0.650.03 3 %CL+ 0.020.04Mn up to 1above 10.08 3 %MnL+ 0.010.09Si up to 0.60above 0.600.22 3 %SiL 0.010.15P all 0.13 3 %PL+ 0.005S all 0.36 3 %SL+ 0.001Ni up to 2 0.10 3 %NiL+ 0.03above 2 0.25Cr up to 2above 20.07 3 %CrL+ 0.040.18Mo up to 0.6above 0.60.04 3 %MoL+ 0.030.06V upto0.

48、25above 0.250.23 3 %VL+ 0.0040.06W upto0.10above 0.100.08 3 %WL+ 0.020.02Cu up to 0.15above 0.150.18 3 %CuL+ 0.020.05Al up to 0.10above 0.100.08 3 %AlL+ 0.020.03AThe range denotes the composition limits up to which tolerances are computedby the equation, and above which the tolerances are given by a

49、 constant.BThe subscriptLfor the elements in each equation indicates that the limits of theelement specified by the applicable specification are to be inserted into theequation to calculate the tolerance for the upper limit and the lower limit (ifapplicable), respectively. Examples of computing tolerances are presented infootnote C.CTo illustrate the computation of the tolerance, consider the manganesemaximum of 0.70 for a 0.30 carbon grade 65-35 in Specification A 27/A 27M. Themaximum permissible deviation is (0.08 3 0.70 + 0.01) = 0.06