ASTM A788 A788M-2018 Standard Specification for Steel Forgings General Requirements《钢锻件通用要求的标准规格》.pdf

1、Designation: A788/A788M 17aA788/A788M 18Standard Specification forSteel Forgings, General Requirements1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A788/A788M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last

2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification2 covers a group

3、of common requirements that, unless otherwise specified in the individual productspecification, shall apply to steel forgings under any of the following specifications issued by ASTM:ASTM Designation TitleA266/A266M Carbon Steel Forgings for Pressure VesselComponentsA288 Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgi

4、ngs for MagneticRetaining Rings for Turbine GeneratorsA289/A289M Alloy Steel Forgings for Nonmagnetic Retain-ing Rings for GeneratorsA290/A290M Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings forReduction GearsA291/A291M Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions,Gears, and Shafts for Reduction GearsA3

5、36/A336M Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature PartsA372/A372M Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure VesselsA427/A427M Wrought Alloy Steel Rolls for Cold and HotReductionA469/A469M Vacuum-Treated Steel Forgings for GeneratorRotorsA470/A470M Vacuum-Treated Carbon a

6、nd Alloy SteelForgings for Turbine Rotors and ShaftsA471/A471M Vacuum-Treated Alloy Steel Forgings for Tur-bine Rotor Disks and WheelsA504/A504M Wrought Carbon Steel WheelsA508/A508M Quenched and Tempered Vacuum-TreatedCarbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pres-sure VesselsA521/A521M Steel, Closed-Imp

7、ression Die Forgings forGeneral Industrial UseA541/A541M Quenched and Tempered Carbon and AlloySteel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Compo-nentsA579/A579M Superstrength Alloy Steel ForgingsA592/A592M High-Strength Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steel Forged Parts for Pressure Ves-selsA646/A646M Premiu

8、m Quality Alloy Steel Blooms and Bil-lets for Aircraft and Aerospace ForgingsA649/A649M Forged Steel Rolls Used for Corrugating Pa-per MachineryA668/A668M Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for GeneralIndustrial UseA711/A711M Steel Forging StockA723/A723M Alloy Steel Forgings for High-Strength Pres-s

9、ure Component Application1 This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.06on Steel Forgings and Billets.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017March 1, 2018. Published November 2017Mar

10、ch 2018. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2017 asA788/A788M-17.-17a. DOI: 10.1520/A0788_A0788M-17A.10.1520/A0788_A0788M-18.2 For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Specification SA788 in Section II of that code.This document is not an ASTM st

11、andard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all ca

12、ses only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1A729/A729M Car

13、bon and Alloy Steel Axles, Heat Treated,for Mass Transit and Electric Railway Ser-viceA765/A765M Carbon Steel and Low-Alloy Steel Pressure-Vessel-Component Forgings with Manda-tory Toughness RequirementsA768/A768M Vacuum-Treated 12 % Chromium Alloy SteelForgings for Turbine Rotors and ShaftsA837/A83

14、7M Steel Forgings, Alloy, for Carburizing Applica-tionsA859/A859M Age-Hardening Alloy Steel Forgings for Pres-sure Vessel ComponentsA891/A891M Precipitation Hardening Iron Base SuperalloyForgings for Turbine Rotor Disks andWheelsA909/A909M Steel Forgings, Microalloy, for General Indus-trial UseA940/

15、A940M Vacuum Treated Steel Forgings, Alloy, Differ-entially Heat Treated, for Turbine RotorsA965/A965M Steel Forgings, Austenitic, for Pressure andHigh Temperature PartsA982/A982M Steel Forgings, Stainless, for Compressorand Turbine AirfoilsA983/A983M Specification for Continuous Grain FlowForged Ca

16、rbon and Alloy Steel Crankshaftsfor Medium Speed Diesel EnginesA986/A986M Magnetic Particle Examination of ContinuousGrain Flow Crankshaft ForgingsA1021/A1021M Martensitic Stainless Steel Forgings andForging Stock for High-Temperature Ser-viceA1049/A1049M Stainless Steel Forgings, Ferritic/Austeniti

17、c(Duplex), for Pressure Vessels and RelatedComponents1.2 In case of conflict in requirements, the requirements of the individual product specifications shall prevail over those of thisspecification.1.3 The purchaser may specify additional requirements (see 4.2.3) that do not negate any of the provis

18、ions of either thisspecification or of the individual product specifications. The acceptance of any such additional requirements shall be dependenton negotiations with the supplier and must be included in the order.1.4 If, by agreement, forgings are to be supplied in a partially completed condition,

19、 that is, all of the provisions of the productspecification have not been filled, then the material marking (see Section 17) and certification (see Section 16) shall reflect theextent to which the product specification requirements have been met.1.5 As noted in the Certification Section (16), the nu

20、mber and year date of this specification, as well as that of the productspecification, are required to be included in the product certification.1.6 When the SI version of a product specification is required by the purchase order, Specification A788/A788M shall be usedin conjunction with Test Methods

21、 A1058 instead of Test Methods and Definitions A370.1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values

22、from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and

23、 determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendat

24、ions issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A266/A266M Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel ComponentsA275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel ForgingsA288 Specification

25、 for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Magnetic Retaining Rings for Turbine Generators3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summar

26、y page on the ASTM website.A788/A788M 182A289/A289M Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for Nonmagnetic Retaining Rings for GeneratorsA290/A290M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction GearsA291/A291M Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinion

27、s, Gears and Shafts for Reduction GearsA336/A336M Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature PartsA370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsA372/A372M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure VesselsA388/

28、A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel ForgingsA427/A427M Specification for Wrought Alloy Steel Rolls for Cold and Hot ReductionA469/A469M Specification for Vacuum-Treated Steel Forgings for Generator RotorsA470/A470M Specification for Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for T

29、urbine Rotors and ShaftsA471/A471M Specification for Vacuum-Treated Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and WheelsA504/A504M Specification for Wrought Carbon Steel WheelsA508/A508M Specification for Quenched and Tempered Vacuum-Treated Carbon andAlloy Steel Forgings for Pressure VesselsA521

30、/A521M Specification for Steel, Closed-Impression Die Forgings for General Industrial UseA541/A541M Specification for Quenched and Tempered Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel ComponentsA551/A551M Specification for Carbon Steel Tires for Railway and Rapid Transit ApplicationsA579/A57

31、9M Specification for Superstrength Alloy Steel ForgingsA592/A592M Specification for High-Strength Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steel Forged Parts for Pressure VesselsA646/A646M Specification for Premium Quality Alloy Steel Blooms and Billets for Aircraft and Aerospace ForgingsA649/A649M Specifica

32、tion for Forged Steel Rolls Used for Corrugating Paper MachineryA668/A668M Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial UseA711/A711M Specification for Steel Forging StockA723/A723M Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for High-Strength Pressure Component ApplicationA

33、729/A729M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Axles, Heat-Treated, for Mass Transit and Electric Railway ServiceA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel ProductsA765/A765M Specification for Carbon Steel and Low-Alloy Steel Pressure-Vessel-Component Forgings w

34、ith MandatoryToughness RequirementsA768/A768M Specification for Vacuum-Treated 12 % Chromium Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and ShaftsA833 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Metallic Materials by Comparison Hardness TestersA837/A837M Specification for Steel Forgings, Alloy, for Carburi

35、zing ApplicationsA859/A859M Specification for Age-Hardening Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel ComponentsA891/A891M Specification for Precipitation Hardening Iron Base Superalloy Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and WheelsA909/A909M Specification for Steel Forgings, Microalloy, for General Ind

36、ustrial UseA939/A939M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination from Bored Surfaces of Cylindrical ForgingsA940/A940M Specification for Vacuum Treated Steel Forgings, Alloy, Differentially Heat Treated, for Turbine Rotors(Withdrawn 2017)4A941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys,

37、 and FerroalloysA965/A965M Specification for Steel Forgings, Austenitic, for Pressure and High Temperature PartsA966/A966M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings Using Alternating CurrentA982/A982M Specification for Steel Forgings, Stainless, for Compressor and Turbine Airfoils

38、A983/A983M Specification for Continuous Grain Flow Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Crankshafts for Medium Speed DieselEnginesA986/A986M Specification for Magnetic Particle Examination of Continuous Grain Flow Crankshaft ForgingsA991/A991M Test Method for Conducting Temperature Uniformity Surveys of Fu

39、rnaces Used to Heat Treat Steel ProductsA1021/A1021M Specification for Martensitic Stainless Steel Forgings and Forging Stock for High-Temperature ServiceA1049/A1049M Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings, Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex), for Pressure Vessels and RelatedComponentsA1058 Test Method

40、s for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsMetricE23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic MaterialsE112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain SizeE165/E165M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General IndustryE380 Practice for Use of the International System of Units

41、 (SI) (the Modernized Metric System) (Withdrawn 1997)4E399 Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness KIc of Metallic MaterialsE428 Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic TestingE1290 Test Method for Crack-Tip Openi

42、ng Displacement (CTOD) Fracture Toughness Measurement (Withdrawn 2013)4E1820 Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness4 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.A788/A788M 183E1916 Guide for Identification of Mixed Lots of Metals2.2 Other Standards:

43、ANSI/ASME B46.1 Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Waviness and Lay)5ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code6SAE AMS 2750 Pyrometry73. Terminology3.1 Terminology A941 is applicable to this specification.Additional terms and wording more applicable to forgings are as notedin this section.3.2 Forging De

44、finitions:3.2.1 steel forging, nthe product of a substantially compressive plastic working operation that consolidates the material andproduces the desired shape. The plastic working may be performed by a hammer, press, forging machine, or ring rolling machine,and must deform the material to produce

45、 an essentially wrought structure.3.2.1.1 DiscussionHot rolling operations may be used to produce blooms or billets for reforging.3.3 Forging Geometries:3.3.1 bar forging, nforging that has no bore and having an axial length greater than its maximum cross sectional dimension.3.3.1.1 DiscussionMore t

46、han one cross sectional shape or size may be included. Sometimes referred to as a solid forging.3.3.2 disk forging, nforging, sometimes referred to as a pancake forging, that has (a) an axial length appreciably less than itsdiameter, (b) may be dished on one or both faces, and (c) final forging incl

47、udes upsetting operations to reduce the height of thestock and increase its diameter.3.3.2.1 DiscussionSince much of the hot working is done in axially compressing the stock, the central area may not receive sufficient consolidation.To counter this effect, consideration is usually given to the initi

48、al saddening (see 3.3.6) of the ingot or billet.3.3.3 hollow forging, nforging (also known as a shell forging or a mandrel forging) in which (a) the axial length is equal toor greater than the diameter, and (b) the forging length and wall thickness are produced by hot working over a mandrel (usually

49、water cooled) such that the bore diameter remains essentially the same as that of the mandrel.3.3.3.1 DiscussionUnless a hollow ingot has been used, the starting slug is hot trepanned or punched after upsetting and the bore diameter adjustedto suit the forging mandrel. The outside diameter may be contoured if required. The workpiece is forged between the upper dieand lower dies while the mandrel is supported by cranes or manipulators to facilitate rotation.3.3.4 ring forging, ntype of hollow forging in which (a) the axial length is less than the diameter, (b) the wall t