1、Designation: A927/A927M 11Standard Test Method forAlternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Toroidal CoreSpecimens Using the Voltmeter-Ammeter-WattmeterMethod1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A927/A927M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof origin
2、al adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of several acmagnetic p
3、roperties of either laminated ring or toroidal tapewound cores made from flat rolled product.1.2 This test method covers test equipment and proceduresfor determination of specific core loss, specific exciting power,and peak permeability for power and audio frequencies (50 to20 000 Hz) under sinusoid
4、al flux conditions.1.3 This test method, because of the use of a feedback-controlled power amplifier, is well suited for determination ofac magnetic properties at magnetic flux densities above theknee of the magnetization curve and is particularly useful fortesting of high-saturation iron-cobalt all
5、oys (for example,alloys listed in Specification A801), although use of this testmethod is not restricted to a particular type of material.1.4 This test method shall be used in conjunction withPractice A34/A34M and Terminology A340.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be
6、 regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
7、safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A34/A34M Practice for Sampli
8、ng and Procurement Testingof Magnetic MaterialsA340 Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating toMagnetic TestingA697/A697M Test Method for Alternating Current Mag-netic Properties of Laminated Core Specimen UsingVoltmeter-Ammeter-Wattmeter MethodsA801 Specification for Wrought Iron-Cobalt High
9、 MagneticSaturation Alloys (UNS R30005 and K92650)3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method is a derivative of Test Method A697/A697M specifically designed for testing of toroidal coreswhich are not covered in Test Method A697/A697M and fortesting at magnetic flux densities above the knee of thema
10、gnetization curve.3.2 Specimen size typically ranges from 1 to 1.25 in. 25.4to 31.8 mm in inside diameter to 1.5 in. 38.1 mm in outsidediameter with weights ranging from 30 to 60 g. Provided thetest equipment is suitably chosen, there is no obvious limit tothe overall size of core that can be tested
11、. If basic materialproperties are desired, then the requirements of 5.1 must beobserved.3.3 The reproducibility and repeatability of this test methodare such that this test method is suitable for design, specifica-tion acceptance, service evaluation, and research and develop-ment.3.4 When testing un
12、der sinusoidal flux conditions at mag-netic flux densities approaching saturation, highly peakedmagnetizing waveforms will be present, and the test instru-ments used must have crest factor capabilities of at least 3;otherwise erroneous results will be obtained.4. Apparatus4.1 The apparatus for testi
13、ng under this test method shallconsist of as many of the components, described below andschematically illustrated in Fig. 1, as required to perform themeasurements.4.2 Signal GeneratorFor testing at other than line fre-quency (50 or 60 Hz), a low distortion sine wave signalgenerator is required. The
14、 frequency accuracy of the signal1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 and is thedirect responsibility of Subcommittee A06.01 on Test Methods.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011. Published August 2011. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2004 a
15、s A927/A927M04.DOI: 10.1520/A0927_A0927M-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM I
16、nternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.generator should be within 60.1 %. To prevent dc biasing ofthe magnetizing current waveform, a blocking capacitor orisolation transformer should be installed between the signalgenerator and power amplif
17、ier.4.3 Power AmplifierA linear power amplifier should beused (see Note 1). The signal from the secondary winding ofthe test specimen is used for negative feedback control of themagnetizing waveform. Depending on the power amplifierused, it may be necessary to install feedback signal condition-ing e
18、quipment such as an attenuator or amplifier; however, thesignal conditioning equipment must not distort the feedbackwaveform nor load the secondary winding. Fig. 1 also showsan audio choke connecting the output and feedback terminalsof the amplifier. This choke is intended to prevent dc bias beingin
19、troduced into the magnetizing waveform by providing dcfeedback to the power amplifier. Without such a choke, the dcoffset current present in certain power amplifiers will result inlarge dc output currents. This choke may not be neededdepending on the make and model of power supply. Furtherreduction
20、or elimination of bias can be achieved by installingan isolation transformer to transformer couple the primarycircuit.NOTE 1Audio amplifiers are suitable in some instances, although thesmall specimen cross section and the relatively few primary turns typicallyused results in a low Q circuit and, the
21、refore, difficulty in maintainingsinusoidal flux at magnetic flux densities approaching saturation. Inaddition, an impedance matching transformer may be required to improvepower transfer.4.4 WattmeterAn electronic wattmeter with appropriatevoltage, current and wattage ranges, and bandwidth must beus
22、ed. The full-scale accuracy of the wattmeter must be betterthan 60.5 %. The wattmeter must have a crest factor capabilityof at least 3 and be capable of accurate measurements atlow-power factors. The wattmeter must be able to measure rmscurrent and rms voltage to an accuracy of 60.5 % or better;othe
23、rwise, separate instruments meeting this accuracy require-ment must be used.4.5 Flux VoltmeterThe flux voltmeter must be a trueaverage responding, high-impedance voltmeter calibrated toread=2 p/4 times the full wave rectified average voltage sothat its indications will be identical to those of a tru
24、e rmsvoltmeter when reading a pure sinusoidal voltage. The ratedfull-scale accuracy must be 60.5 % or better.4.6 Current-Sensing Resistor (Optional)When peak per-meability is to be measured, a noninductive, high-precision,low-thermal coefficient of resistance current-sensing resistorshall be used. T
25、he resistor must be rated to carry the maximumcurrent used in the test.4.7 Peak Voltmeter (Optional)When peak permeability isto be determined, a high-impedance peak-reading voltmetershall be used to measure the voltage drop across the current-sensing resistor. The voltmeter must have a full-scale ac
26、curacyof 61 % or better, a crest factor of at least 3, and appropriatebandwidth.4.8 Oscilloscope (Optional)An oscilloscope displayingboth the magnetizing current waveform and secondary voltagepermits the operator to observe the waveforms. This is particu-larly useful when setting up the test for the
27、 first time. Theoscilloscope must have a very high input impedance to avoidloading of the secondary winding.5. Test Specimen5.1 The test specimen must be either a stack of toroidal(washer ring) laminations formed by punching, machining, oretching or a toroidal tape wound core. For measurement ofbasi
28、c material properties, the ratio of inside to outside diametermust be 0.82 or greater.6. Procedure6.1 The test specimen should be heat treated after fabrica-tion. Bent or otherwise damaged laminations or tape cores shallbe discarded.6.2 The core shall be weighed to an accuracy of 60.1 % orbetter and
29、 the inside and outside diameters measured to anaccuracy of 0.1 % or better.6.3 The laminations or tape core should be enclosed in arigid, nonconductive case (core box) or placed in a suitablefixture to avoid winding stresses. The test core should fill thecore box or fixture as fully as possible to
30、minimize air flux.6.4 Primary and secondary windings, N1and N2, are ap-plied; the secondary winding should be applied first. Bothwindings should be uniformly wound over the circumferenceof the toroid. The secondary winding may use finer diameterwire than the primary winding, which should be of suffi
31、cientdiameter to carry the magnetizing current without overheating.Alternately, a fabricated magnetizing fixture may be usedprovided the windings are uniformly distributed over the lengthof the core.6.5 If the number of turns on the secondary winding is notequal to the number of turns on the primary
32、 winding, additionalcircuitry such as amplifiers or attenuators may be required tocontrol the “loop gain” in the waveform feedback loop. Failureto control the “loop gain” will normally result in power supplyinstability.6.6 The flux voltage, Ef, induced in the secondary winding,N2, at the required ma
33、gnetic flux density, Bm, shall be com-puted using the equation found in 7.2 or 8.2.6.7 The test specimen is connected to the test apparatus anddemagnetized. Demagnetization must be done by smoothlyreducing the magnetizing current starting from a magnetic fluxdensity above the knee of the magnetizati
34、on curve and at thetest frequency.FIG. 1 Schematic Illustration of Test ApparatusA927/A927M 1126.8 The magnetizing current is increased to obtain the fluxvoltage corresponding to the lowest required magnetic fluxdensity.6.9 The form factor of the secondary voltage is computed bydividing the rms seco
35、ndary voltage by the flux voltage. Theform factor must be within 61 % of the value for a sine wavefor testing conducted in accordance with this test method. Oncetest conditions have been established for a particular test coreand material, measurement of the form factor is optional.6.10 For core loss
36、 determination, read and record the powerfrom the wattmeter.6.11 For specific exciting power determination, read andrecord both the rms exciting current and rms secondary voltageas displayed on the wattmeter or other rms voltmeters.6.12 For peak permeability determination, read and recordthe voltage
37、 drop across the current-sensing resistor using thepeak-reading voltmeter.6.13 Repeat 6.8 through 6.12 for all test points in order ofincreasing magnetic flux density. If the required magnetic fluxdensity is exceeded without acquiring the needed data, the coremust be demagnetized before repeating th
38、e measurement.7. Calculation (Customary Units)7.1 The cross-sectional area of the test specimen is com-puted from the mass of core, the density of the material, and themagnetic path length. For a toroidal core the magnetic pathlength, lm, is equal to the mean circumference or:lm5pdo1 di!2(1)where:do
39、= outside diameter, cm, anddi= inside diameter, cm.The cross-sectional area, A, in square centimetres is then:A 5mdlm(2)where:m = core mass, g, andd = density, g/cm3.7.2 Flux VoltageThe flux voltage corresponding to agiven flux density (assumed to be sinusoidal) is:Ef5 =2pBAN2f 3 1028(3)where:Ef= fl
40、ux voltage induced in winding N2,V;B = maximum flux density, G;A = cross-sectional area of core, cm2;N2= number of secondary turns; andf = frequency, Hz.7.3 Specific Core LossThe core loss per pound is:PcB;f!5453.6SN1N2DW 2 K!m(4)where:Pc(B;f)= specific core loss at magnetic flux density B andfreque
41、ncy f, W/lb;N1= number of primary turns;N2= number of secondary turns;W = power loss indicated by the wattmeter, W;K = correction factor for losses due to the wattmeter,W; andm = mass of test core, g.The correction factor in electronic wattmeters tends to bevery small and is usually negligible. Refe
42、r to the wattmeteroperating manual for specific instructions on computing thiscorrection factor.7.4 Specific Exciting PowerThe specific exciting power iscalculated from the rms value of exciting current and rmssecondary voltage with all other secondary burden eithersubtracted or removed. The latter
43、condition usually applieswhen high-input impedance-measurement equipment is used.The equation is:PzB;f!5453.6SN1N2DVIm(5)where:Pz(B;f)= specific exciting power at magnetic flux densityand frequency f, VA/lb;N1= number of primary turns;N2= number of secondary turns;V = rms value of secondary voltage,
44、 V;I = rms value of exciting current, A; andm = mass of test core, g.7.5 Peak ac PermeabilityThe peak ac permeability iscalculated as:p5BmHpGm5BmRlm0.4pN1Ep(6)where:p= peak ac permeability;Bm= peak flux density, G, which is equivalent to the testmagnetic flux density for sinusoidal waveforms;Hp= pea
45、k magnetic field strength, Oe;Gm= magnetic constant equal to 1, unitless in cgs-emu;N1= number of primary turns;Ep= peak voltage read across the current-sensing resistor,V;R = resistance of the current-sensing resistor, V; andlm= magnetic path length, cm.8. Calculation (SI Units)8.1 The cross-sectio
46、nal area of the test specimen is com-puted from the mass of core, the density of the material, and themagnetic path length. For a toroidal core the magnetic pathlength, lm, is equal to the mean circumference or:lm5pdo1 di!2(7)where:do= outside diameter, m anddi= inside diameter, m.The cross-sectiona
47、l area, A, in square metres, is then:A 5mdlm(8)where:A927/A927M 113m = core mass, kg, andd = density, kg/m3.8.2 Flux VoltageThe flux voltage corresponding to agiven flux density (assumed to be sinusoidal) is:Ef5 =2pBAN2f (9)where:Ef= flux voltage induced in winding N2,V;B = maximum flux density, T;A
48、 = cross-sectional area of core, m2;N2= number of secondary turns; andf = frequency, Hz.8.3 Specific Core LossThe core loss per kilogram is:PcB;f!5SN1N2DW 2 K!m(10)where:Pc(B;f)= specific core loss at magnetic flux density B andfrequency f, W/kg;N1= number of primary turns;N2= number of secondary tu
49、rns;W = power loss indicated by the wattmeter, W;K = correction factor for losses due to the wattmeter,W; and,m = mass of test core, kg.The correction factor in electronic wattmeters tends to bevery small and is usually negligible. Refer to the wattmeteroperating manual for specific instructions on computing thiscorrection factor.8.4 Specific Exciting PowerThe specific exciting power iscalculated from the rms value of exciting current and rmssecondary voltage with all other secondary burden eithersubtracted or removed. The latter condition usually applie
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