1、Designation: A 941 06aStandard Terminology Relating toSteel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and Ferroalloys1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 941; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la
2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This standard is a compilation of definitions of termsrelated to steel, stainless steel, related alloys, and ferroallo
3、ys.1.2 When a term is used in an ASTM document for whichCommittee A01 is responsible, it is included herein only whenjudged, after review by Subcommittee A01.92, to be a gener-ally usable term.1.3 Some definitions include a discussion section, which isa mandatory part of the definition and contains
4、additionalinformation that is relevant to the meaning of the defined term.1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular standard willappear in that standard and will supersede any definitions ofidentical terms in this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E112 Test Methods for Dete
5、rmining Average Grain Size3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of General Terms:alloy steel, na steel, other than a stainless steel, thatconforms to a specification that requires one or more of thefollowing elements, by mass percent, to have a minimumcontent equal to or greater than: 0.30 for aluminum; 0.0
6、008for boron; 0.30 for chromium; 0.30 for cobalt; 0.40 forcopper; 0.40 for lead; 1.65 for manganese; 0.08 for molyb-denum; 0.30 for nickel; 0.06 for niobium (columbium); 0.60for silicon; 0.05 for titanium; 0.30 for tungsten (wolfram);0.10 for vanadium; 0.05 for zirconium; or 0.10 for any otheralloyi
7、ng element, except sulphur, phosphorus, carbon, andnitrogen.capped steel, na rimmed steel in which, during ingotsolidification, the rimming action was limited by mechanicalor chemical means.carbon steel, na steel that conforms to a specification thatprescribes a maximum limit, by heat analysis in ma
8、sspercent, of not more than: 2.00 for carbon and 1.65 formanganese, but does not prescribe a minimum limit forchromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium (colum-bium), tungsten (wolfram), vanadium, or zirconium.DISCUSSIONExcept as required above, it is permissible for carbonsteel specifications to
9、 prescribe limits (minimum or maximum, or both)for each specified alloying element, subject to the following restrictionsfor the heat analysis limits in mass percent:(a) for wrought carbon steel products, the specified maximum limit isnot to exceed: 0.10 for aluminum, 0.60 for silicon, and 0.050 for
10、titanium;(b) for carbon steel castings, the specified maximum limit is not toexceed: 0.10 for aluminum, 1.00 for silicon, and 0.050 for titanium.(c) for carbon steels that are required to be rephosphorized, thespecified minimum limit for phosphorus is not to be less than 0.040;(d) for carbon steels
11、that are required to be resulfurized, the specifiedminimum limit for sulfur is not to be less than 0.060;(e) for carbon steels that are not required to be rephosphorized orresulfurized, the specified maximum limit is not to exceed: 0.60 forcopper, 0.050 for phosphorus, and 0.060 for sulfur; and(f) f
12、or carbon steels that are required to contain boron, copper, or lead,the specified minimum limit is not to exceed: 0.0005 for boron, 0.35 forcopper, and 0.25 for lead.cast analysisDeprecated term. Use the preferred term heatanalysis.certificate of compliance, nin manufactured products,adocument that
13、 states that the product was manufactured,sampled, tested, and inspected in accordance with therequirements of the specification (including year of issue)and any other requirements specified in the purchase order orcontract, and has been found to meet such requirements.DISCUSSIONA single document, c
14、ontaining test report informationand certificate of compliance information, may be used.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.92 on Terminology.Current edition approved June 1
15、5, 2006. Published July 2006. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as A 941 06.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the sta
16、ndards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.certifying organization, nin product specifications, theentity responsi
17、ble for the conformance and certification ofthe product to the specification requirements.check analysisDeprecated term. Use the preferred termproduct analysis.coarse grain practice, na steelmaking practice for otherthan stainless steel that is intended to produce a killed steelin which aluminum, ni
18、obium (columbium), titanium, andvanadium are residual elements.cold working, nmechanical deformation of a metal attemperatures below its recrystallization temperature.defect, nan imperfection of sufficient magnitude to warrantrejection based on the specified requirements.direct quenching, nin thermo
19、mechanical processing,quenching immediately following the final hot deformation.document, na written, printed, or electronic record thatprovides information, evidence, or official statements.electronic data interchange, nthe computer to computerexchange of business information in a standardized form
20、at.ellipsis, nin a tabular entry, three periods (.) that indicatethat there is no requirement.ferroalloy, nan alloy of iron and one or more other metals,for use as an addition to the molten metal during themanufacture of steels, nickel alloys, or cobalt alloys.fine grain practice, na steelmaking pra
21、ctice for other thanstainless steel that is intended to produce a killed steel thatis capable of meeting the requirements specified for fineaustenitic grain size.DISCUSSIONIt normally involves the addition of one or moreaustenitic grain refining elements in amounts that have been establishedby the s
22、teel producer as being sufficient. Austenitic grain refiningelements include, but are not limited to, aluminum, niobium (colum-bium), titanium, and vanadium.grain size, nthe dimensions of the grains or crystals in apolycrystalline metal, exclusive of twinned regions andsubgrains when present.DISCUSS
23、IONGrain size is usually estimated or measured on thecross section of an aggregate of grains, and designated by an ASTMgrain size number. (See Test Methods E112.)heat, na generic term denoting a specific lot of steel, basedupon steelmaking and casting considerations.DISCUSSIONWhere it is necessary t
24、o be more definitive, the follow-ing more specific terms are used: primary heat, multiple heat, andremelted heat. In product specifications, the term heat generally isused, without qualification, to mean the primary, multiple,orre-melted heat, whichever is applicable.heat analysis, nthe chemical ana
25、lysis determined by thesteel producer as being representative of a specific heat ofsteel.DISCUSSIONWhere the analysis reported by the steel producer is notsufficiently complete for conformance with the heat analysis require-ments of the applicable product specification to be fully assessed, themanuf
26、acturer may complete the assessment of conformance with suchheat analysis requirements by using a product analysis for the specifiedelements that were not reported by the steel producer, provided thatproduct analysis tolerances are not applied and the heat analysis is notaltered.heat number, nthe al
27、pha, numeric, or alphanumeric desig-nator used to identify a specific heat of steel.high-strength low-alloy steel, na steel, other than a carbonsteel or an interstitial-free steel, that conforms to a speci-fication that requires the minimum content for each specifiedalloying element to be lower than
28、 the applicable limit in thedefinition for alloy steel, and the yield point or yield strengthof the product to be at least 36 ksi or 250 MPa.hot-cold working, nthe mechanical deformation of austen-itic and precipitation hardening steels at a temperature justbelow the recrystallization temperature to
29、 increase theyield strength and hardness by plastic deformation or pre-cipitation hardening effects induced by plastic deformation,or both.hot working, nmechanical deformation of a metal at tem-peratures above its recrystallization temperature.imperfection, na material discontinuity or irregularity
30、that isdetectable by inspection.inclusion shape control, nthe addition of elements duringsteel making in order to affect the inclusion morphology.inspection, nthe process of measuring, examining, testing,gaging, or otherwise comparing the unit of product with theapplicable requirements.interstitial-
31、free steel, na steel that has essentially all of itscarbon and nitrogen chemically combined with stabilizationelements rather than being present interstitially.DISCUSSIONThe heat analysis limits (minimum or maximum, orboth) that are permitted to be prescribed in interstitial-free steelspecifications
32、 are as given in the definition for carbon steel, except thatthe 0.050 % maximum limit for titanium does not apply.killed steel, na steel deoxidized to such a level thatessentially no reaction occurred between carbon and oxygenduring solidification.laser beam welding, na welding process that uses a
33、laserbeam as the heat source.lot, na definite quantity of product manufactured underconditions that are considered uniform.low-alloy steel, na steel, other than a carbon steel or aninterstitial-free steel, that conforms to a specification thatrequires the minimum content for each specified alloyinge
34、lement to be lower than the applicable limit in the definitionfor alloy steel.manufacturer, nthe organization responsible for the conver-sion of materials into products meeting the requirements ofa product specification.microalloyed steel, na low-alloy steel that conforms to aspecification that requ
35、ires the presence of one or morecarbide-, nitride-, or carbonitride-forming elements, gener-ally in individual concentrations less than 0.15 mass percent,to enhance strength.DISCUSSIONThe most common microalloying elements are niobium(columbium), titanium, and vanadium.A 941 06a2multiple heat, ntwo
36、or more molten primary heats,inwhole or in part, combined in a common ladle or in acommon non-oscillating mold.DISCUSSIONA multiple heat is identified by a single heat numberrepresentative of the multiple heat, or by the individual heat numbersof the primary heats contained in the multiple heat. The
37、 heatanalysis of a multiple heat identified by a single heat number is theweighted average analysis of the individual primary heats contained inthe multiple heat. Two or more molten primary heats sequentiallystrand cast (poured into an oscillating mold) constitute a series ofindividual heats, not a
38、multiple heat.nickel alloy, na material that conforms to a specification thatrequires by mass percent more nickel than any other ele-ment.DISCUSSIONIn castings, the nickel content requirement is notnormally stated in the specification and is not normally determined bychemical analysis, but is taken
39、to be 100 % minus the sum of the meanvalues permitted by the specification for all other elements having aspecified range or a specified maximum.plate-as-rolled, nthe quantity of plate product rolled at onetime, either from an individual slab or directly from an ingot.DISCUSSIONThis term does not re
40、fer to the surface condition or theheat-treatment state of the material; a plate-as-rolled may be in theas-rolled condition, or may have received one or more surfacetreatments or heat treatments, or both.primary heat, nthe product of a single cycle of a batchmelting process.DISCUSSIONIn the investme
41、nt casting industry, the term master heatis used.product analysis, na chemical analysis of a specimen takenfrom the semi-finished product or the finished product.remelted heat, nthe product of the remelting of a primaryheat, in whole or in part.DISCUSSIONIn the investment casting industry, the term
42、sub-heat isused.residual element, nin steel, a specified or unspecifiedelement, not intentionally added, originating in the rawmaterials, refractories, or surrounding atmospheres used insteel making.rimmed steel, na steel that contained sufficient oxygen togenerate carbon monoxide at the boundary be
43、tween the solidmetal and the remaining molten metal during solidification,resulting in an outer layer low in carbon.semikilled steel, nan incompletely deoxidized steel thatcontained sufficient oxygen to form enough entrapped car-bon monoxide during solidification to offset solidificationshrinkage.sp
44、ecified element, nin steel, an element controlled to aspecified minimum, maximum, or range, in accordance withthe requirements of the applicable product specification.stabilized stainless steel, na stainless steel that conforms toa specification that prescribes limits (minimum or range) forniobium (
45、columbium), tantalum, titanium, or a combinationthereof.DISCUSSIONSuch limits are sometimes expressed as a function ofthe carbon and nitrogen contents. In an appropriately annealed condi-tion, a stabilized stainless steel will resist sensitization to intergranularcorrosion associated with the precip
46、itation of chromium carbide atgrain boundaries as a result of thermal exposure, such as annealing,stress relieving, welding, or high temperature service. Resistance tosensitization to intergranular corrosion is dependent upon the corrosiv-ity of the environment. The condition of being stabilized wit
47、h respectto sensitization is frequently demonstrated by passing one or morestandard corrosion tests for sensitization.stainless steel, na steel that conforms to a specification thatrequires, by mass percent, a minimum chromium content of10.5 or more, and a maximum carbon content of less than1.20.ste
48、el, na material that conforms to a specification thatrequires, by mass percent, more iron than any other elementand a maximum carbon content of generally less than 2.DISCUSSIONThe iron content requirement is not normally stated inthe specification and is not normally determined by chemical analysis,
49、but is taken to be 100 % minus the sum of the mean values permittedby the specification for all other elements having a specified range or aspecified maximum. For conformance purposes, this calculated valuefor iron is compared on an individual basis to the mean valuespermitted by the specification for each of the other elements having aspecified range or a specified maximum. Some chromium-containingsteels may contain more than 2 % carbon; however, 2 % carbon isgenerally considered to be the demarcation between steel and cas
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