1、Designation: A 941 09Standard Terminology Relating toSteel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and Ferroalloys1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 941; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This standard is a compilation of definitions of termsrelated to steel, stainless steel, related alloys, and ferroalloys
3、.1.2 When a term is used in an ASTM document for whichCommittee A01 is responsible, it is included herein only whenjudged, after review by Subcommittee A01.92, to be a gener-ally usable term.1.3 Some definitions include a discussion section, which isa mandatory part of the definition and contains ad
4、ditionalinformation that is relevant to the meaning of the defined term.1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular standard willappear in that standard and will supersede any definitions ofidentical terms in this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E112 Test Methods for Determ
5、ining Average Grain Size3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of General Terms:age hardening, nsee precipitation hardening.alloy steel, na steel, other than a stainless steel, thatconforms to a specification that requires one or more of thefollowing elements, by mass percent, to have a minimumcontent equal
6、to or greater than: 0.30 for aluminum; 0.0008for boron; 0.30 for chromium; 0.30 for cobalt; 0.40 forcopper; 0.40 for lead; 1.65 for manganese; 0.08 for molyb-denum; 0.30 for nickel; 0.06 for niobium (columbium); 0.60for silicon; 0.05 for titanium; 0.30 for tungsten (wolfram);0.10 for vanadium; 0.05
7、for zirconium; or 0.10 for any otheralloying element, except sulphur, phosphorus, carbon, andnitrogen.capped steel, na rimmed steel in which, during ingotsolidification, the rimming action was limited by mechanicalor chemical means.carbon steel, na steel that conforms to a specification thatprescrib
8、es a maximum limit, by heat analysis in masspercent, of not more than: 2.00 for carbon and 1.65 formanganese, but does not prescribe a minimum limit forchromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium (colum-bium), tungsten (wolfram), vanadium, or zirconium.DISCUSSIONExcept as required above, it is per
9、missible for carbonsteel specifications to prescribe limits (minimum or maximum, or both)for each specified alloying element, subject to the following restrictionsfor the heat analysis limits in mass percent:(a) for wrought carbon steel products, the specified maximum limit isnot to exceed: 0.10 for
10、 aluminum, 0.60 for silicon, and 0.050 fortitanium;(b) for carbon steel castings, the specified maximum limit is not toexceed: 0.10 for aluminum, 1.00 for silicon, and 0.050 for titanium.(c) for carbon steels that are required to be rephosphorized, thespecified minimum limit for phosphorus is not to
11、 be less than 0.040;(d) for carbon steels that are required to be resulfurized, the specifiedminimum limit for sulfur is not to be less than 0.060;(e) for carbon steels that are not required to be rephosphorized orresulfurized, the specified maximum limit is not to exceed: 0.60 forcopper, 0.050 for
12、phosphorus, and 0.060 for sulfur; and(f) for carbon steels that are required to contain boron, copper, or lead,the specified minimum limit is not to exceed: 0.0005 for boron, 0.35 forcopper, and 0.25 for lead.cast analysisDeprecated term. Use the preferred term heatanalysis.certificate of compliance
13、, nin manufactured products,adocument that states that the product was manufactured,sampled, tested, and inspected in accordance with therequirements of the specification (including year of issue)and any other requirements specified in the purchase order orcontract, and has been found to meet such r
14、equirements.DISCUSSIONA single document, containing test report informationand certificate of compliance information, may be used.certifying organization, nin product specifications, theentity responsible for the conformance and certification ofthe product to the specification requirements.check ana
15、lysisDeprecated term. Use the preferred termproduct analysis.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.92 on Terminology.Current edition approved April 1, 2009. Published May 2009.
16、 Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as A 941 06a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page
17、 onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.coarse grain practice, na steelmaking practice for otherthan stainless steel that is intended to pr
18、oduce a killed steelin which aluminum, niobium (columbium), titanium, andvanadium are residual elements.cold working, nmechanical deformation of a metal attemperatures below its recrystallization temperature.defect, nan imperfection of sufficient magnitude to warrantrejection based on the specified
19、requirements.direct quenching, nin thermomechanical processing,quenching immediately following the final hot deformation.document, na written, printed, or electronic record thatprovides information, evidence, or official statements.electronic data interchange, nthe computer to computerexchange of bu
20、siness information in a standardized format.ellipsis, nin a tabular entry, three periods (.) that indicatethat there is no requirement.ferroalloy, nan alloy of iron and one or more other metals,for use as an addition to the molten metal during themanufacture of steels, nickel alloys, or cobalt alloy
21、s.fine grain practice, na steelmaking practice for other thanstainless steel that is intended to produce a killed steel thatis capable of meeting the requirements specified for fineaustenitic grain size.DISCUSSIONIt normally involves the addition of one or moreaustenitic grain refining elements in a
22、mounts that have been establishedby the steel producer as being sufficient. Austenitic grain refiningelements include, but are not limited to, aluminum, niobium (colum-bium), titanium, and vanadium.grain size, nthe dimensions of the grains or crystals in apolycrystalline metal, exclusive of twinned
23、regions andsubgrains when present.DISCUSSIONGrain size is usually estimated or measured on thecross section of an aggregate of grains, and designated by an ASTMgrain size number. (See Test Methods E112.)heat, na generic term denoting a specific lot of steel, basedupon steelmaking and casting conside
24、rations.DISCUSSIONWhere it is necessary to be more definitive, the follow-ing more specific terms are used: primary heat, multiple heat, andremelted heat. In product specifications, the term heat generally isused, without qualification, to mean the primary, multiple,orre-melted heat, whichever is ap
25、plicable.heat analysis, nthe chemical analysis determined by thesteel producer as being representative of a specific heat ofsteel.DISCUSSIONWhere the analysis reported by the steel producer is notsufficiently complete for conformance with the heat analysis require-ments of the applicable product spe
26、cification to be fully assessed, themanufacturer may complete the assessment of conformance with suchheat analysis requirements by using a product analysis for the specifiedelements that were not reported by the steel producer, provided thatproduct analysis tolerances are not applied and the heat an
27、alysis is notaltered.heat number, nthe alpha, numeric, or alphanumeric desig-nator used to identify a specific heat of steel.high-strength low-alloy steel, na steel, other than a carbonsteel or an interstitial-free steel, that conforms to a speci-fication that requires the minimum content for each s
28、pecifiedalloying element to be lower than the applicable limit in thedefinition for alloy steel, and the yield point or yield strengthof the product to be at least 36 ksi or 250 MPa.hot-cold working, nthe mechanical deformation of austen-itic and precipitation hardening steels at a temperature justb
29、elow the recrystallization temperature to increase theyield strength and hardness by plastic deformation or pre-cipitation hardening effects induced by plastic deformation,or both.hot working, nmechanical deformation of a metal at tem-peratures above its recrystallization temperature.imperfection, n
30、a material discontinuity or irregularity that isdetectable by inspection.inclusion shape control, nthe addition of elements duringsteel making in order to affect the inclusion morphology.inspection, nthe process of measuring, examining, testing,gaging, or otherwise comparing the unit of product with
31、 theapplicable requirements.interstitial-free steel, na steel that has essentially all of itscarbon and nitrogen chemically combined with stabilizationelements rather than being present interstitially.DISCUSSIONThe heat analysis limits (minimum or maximum, orboth) that are permitted to be prescribed
32、 in interstitial-free steelspecifications are as given in the definition for carbon steel, except thatthe 0.050 % maximum limit for titanium does not apply.killed steel, na steel deoxidized to such a level thatessentially no reaction occurred between carbon and oxygenduring solidification.laser beam
33、 welding, na welding process that uses a laserbeam as the heat source.lot, na definite quantity of product manufactured underconditions that are considered uniform.low-alloy steel, na steel, other than a carbon steel or aninterstitial-free steel, that conforms to a specification thatrequires the min
34、imum content for each specified alloyingelement to be lower than the applicable limit in the definitionfor alloy steel.manufacturer, nthe organization responsible for the conver-sion of materials into products meeting the requirements ofa product specification.microalloyed steel, na low-alloy steel
35、that conforms to aspecification that requires the presence of one or morecarbide-, nitride-, or carbonitride-forming elements, gener-ally in individual concentrations less than 0.15 mass percent,to enhance strength.DISCUSSIONThe most common microalloying elements are niobium(columbium), titanium, an
36、d vanadium.multiple heat, ntwo or more molten primary heats,inwhole or in part, combined in a common ladle or in acommon non-oscillating mold.DISCUSSIONA multiple heat is identified by a single heat numberrepresentative of the multiple heat, or by the individual heat numbersof the primary heats cont
37、ained in the multiple heat. The heatanalysis of a multiple heat identified by a single heat number is theweighted average analysis of the individual primary heats contained inA941092the multiple heat. Two or more molten primary heats sequentiallystrand cast (poured into an oscillating mold) constitu
38、te a series ofindividual heats, not a multiple heat.nickel alloy, na material that conforms to a specification thatrequires by mass percent more nickel than any other ele-ment.DISCUSSIONIn castings, the nickel content requirement is notnormally stated in the specification and is not normally determi
39、ned bychemical analysis, but is taken to be 100 % minus the sum of the meanvalues permitted by the specification for all other elements having aspecified range or a specified maximum.plate-as-rolled, nthe quantity of plate product rolled at onetime, either from an individual slab or directly from an
40、 ingot.DISCUSSIONThis term does not refer to the surface condition or theheat-treatment state of the material; a plate-as-rolled may be in theas-rolled condition, or may have received one or more surfacetreatments or heat treatments, or both.primary heat, nthe product of a single cycle of a batchmel
41、ting process.DISCUSSIONIn the investment casting industry, the term master heatis used.product analysis, na chemical analysis of a specimen takenfrom the semi-finished product or the finished product.remelted heat, nthe product of the remelting of a primaryheat, in whole or in part.DISCUSSIONIn the
42、investment casting industry, the term sub-heat isused.residual element, nin steel, a specified or unspecifiedelement, not intentionally added, originating in the rawmaterials, refractories, or surrounding atmospheres used insteel making.rimmed steel, na steel that contained sufficient oxygen togener
43、ate carbon monoxide at the boundary between the solidmetal and the remaining molten metal during solidification,resulting in an outer layer low in carbon.semikilled steel, nan incompletely deoxidized steel thatcontained sufficient oxygen to form enough entrapped car-bon monoxide during solidificatio
44、n to offset solidificationshrinkage.specified element, nin steel, an element controlled to aspecified minimum, maximum, or range, in accordance withthe requirements of the applicable product specification.stabilized stainless steel, na stainless steel that conforms toa specification that prescribes
45、limits (minimum or range) forniobium (columbium), tantalum, titanium, or a combinationthereof.DISCUSSIONSuch limits are sometimes expressed as a function ofthe carbon and nitrogen contents. In an appropriately annealed condi-tion, a stabilized stainless steel will resist sensitization to intergranul
46、arcorrosion associated with the precipitation of chromium carbide atgrain boundaries as a result of thermal exposure, such as annealing,stress relieving, welding, or high temperature service. Resistance tosensitization to intergranular corrosion is dependent upon the corrosiv-ity of the environment.
47、 The condition of being stabilized with respectto sensitization is frequently demonstrated by passing one or morestandard corrosion tests for sensitization.stainless steel, na steel that conforms to a specification thatrequires, by mass percent, a minimum chromium content of10.5 or more, and a maxim
48、um carbon content of less than1.20.steel, na material that conforms to a specification thatrequires, by mass percent, more iron than any other elementand a maximum carbon content of generally less than 2.DISCUSSIONThe iron content requirement is not normally stated inthe specification and is not nor
49、mally determined by chemical analysis,but is taken to be 100 % minus the sum of the mean values permittedby the specification for all other elements having a specified range or aspecified maximum. For conformance purposes, this calculated valuefor iron is compared on an individual basis to the mean valuespermitted by the specification for each of the other elements having aspecified range or a specified maximum. Some chromium-containingsteels may contain more than 2 % carbon; however, 2 % carbon isgenerally considered to b
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