1、Designation: A941 13bStandard Terminology Relating toSteel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and Ferroalloys1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A941; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This standard is a compilation of definitions of termsrelated to steel, stainless steel, related alloys, and ferroalloys.
3、1.2 When a term is used in an ASTM document for whichCommittee A01 is responsible, it is included herein only whenjudged, after review by Subcommittee A01.92, to be a gener-ally usable term.1.3 Some definitions include a discussion section, which isa mandatory part of the definition and contains add
4、itionalinformation that is relevant to the meaning of the defined term.1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular standard willappear in that standard and will supersede any definitions ofidentical terms in this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E112 Test Methods for Determi
5、ning Average Grain Size3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:Accm, Ac1, Ac3, Ac4See transformation temperature.Aecm, Ae1, Ae3, Ae4See transformation temperature.age hardening, nhardening by aging, usually after rapidcooling or cold working.age hardening, nsee precipitation
6、 hardening.aging, na change in the properties of certain steels thatoccurs at ambient or moderately elevated temperatures afterhot working or a heat treatment (quench aging, naturalaging, or artificial aging) or after a cold-working operation(strain aging).DISCUSSIONThe change in properties is often
7、, but not always, due toprecipitation hardening, but never involves a change in the chemicalcomposition of the steel .alloy steel, na steel, other than a stainless steel, thatconforms to a specification that requires one or more of thefollowing elements, by mass percent, to have a minimumcontent equ
8、al to or greater than: 0.30 for aluminum; 0.0008for boron; 0.30 for chromium; 0.30 for cobalt; 0.40 forcopper; 0.40 for lead; 1.65 for manganese; 0.08 for molyb-denum; 0.30 for nickel; 0.06 for niobium (columbium); 0.60for silicon; 0.05 for titanium; 0.30 for tungsten (wolfram);0.10 for vanadium; 0.
9、05 for zirconium; or 0.10 for any otheralloying element, except sulphur, phosphorus, carbon, andnitrogen.annealing, na generic term covering any of several heattreatments.DISCUSSIONThis treatment is used for purposes such as reducinghardness, improving machinability, facilitating cold working, produ
10、c-ing a desired microstructure, or obtaining desired mechanical, physical,or other properties. Where applicable, it is preferred that the followingmore specific terms be used: box annealing, bright annealing, flameannealing, full annealing, graphitization annealing, intermediateannealing, isothermal
11、 annealing, process annealing, recrystalliza-tion annealing, spheroidizing, and subcritical annealing. The term“annealing,” without qualification, implies full annealing. Any pro-cess of annealing will usually reduce stresses; however, if thetreatment is applied for the sole purpose of stress reduct
12、ion, it should bedesignated stress relieving.Arcm, Ar1, Ar3, Ar4See transformation temperature.artificial aging, naging above room temperature.atmospheric corrosion resistance, nthe ability to resistdegradation or alteration of material through chemical reac-tion with the surrounding atmosphere.DISC
13、USSIONThis term generally pertains to carbon steel, low alloysteel, or micro-alloyed steel.austempering, n heat treatment involving quenching asteel object from a temperature above the transformationrange in a medium maintained at a temperature above themartensite range sufficiently fast to avoid th
14、e formation ofhigh temperature transformation products, and then holdingit at that temperature until transformation is complete.austenitizing, nforming austenite by heating a steel objectabove the transformation range.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainle
15、ss Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.92 on Terminology.Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as A941-13a. DOI:10.1520/A0941-13B.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit th
16、e ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Ba
17、rr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1baking, nheating to a low temperature in order to removegases.batch furnace, na heating device within which steel objectsare held stationary or oscillated during the thermal process-ing cycle.blank carburizing, nsimulating
18、 the carburizing operationwithout introducing carbon.DISCUSSIONThis is usually accomplished by using an inert materialin place of the carburizing agent, or by applying a suitable protectivecoating on the object being heat treated.blank nitriding, nsimulating the nitriding operation withoutintroducin
19、g nitrogen.DISCUSSIONThis is usually accomplished by using an inert materialin place of the nitriding agent, or by applying a suitable protectivecoating on the object being heat treated.bluing, nsubjecting the scale-free surface of a steel object tothe action of air, steam, or other agents at a suit
20、abletemperature, thereby forming a thin blue film of oxide andimproving the objects appearance and corrosion resistance.DISCUSSIONThis term is ordinarily applied to sheet, strip, orfinished parts. It is used also to denote the heating of springs afterfabrication in order to improve their properties.
21、box annealing, nannealing in a sealed container underconditions that minimize oxidation.DISCUSSIONThe charge is usually heated slowly to a temperaturebelow the transformation range, but sometimes above or within it,and is then cooled slowly.bright annealing, nannealing in a protective medium topreve
22、nt discoloration of the bright surface.capped steel, na rimmed steel in which, during ingotsolidification, the rimming action was limited by mechanicalor chemical means.carbon potential, nthe carbon content at the surface of aspecimen of pure iron in equilibrium with the carburizingmedium considered
23、, and under the conditions specified.carbon restoration, nreplacing the carbon lost from thesurface layer in previous processing by carburizing this layerto substantially the original carbon level.carbon steel, na steel that conforms to a specification thatprescribes a maximum limit, by heat analysi
24、s in masspercent, of not more than: 2.00 for carbon and 1.65 formanganese, but does not prescribe a minimum limit forchromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium(columbium), tungsten (wolfram), vanadium, or zirconium.DISCUSSIONExcept as required above, it is permissible for carbonsteel specificatio
25、ns to prescribe limits (minimum or maximum, or both)for each specified alloying element, subject to the following restrictionsfor the heat analysis limits in mass percent:(a) for wrought carbon steel products, the specified maximum limit isnot to exceed: 0.10 for aluminum, 0.60 for silicon, and 0.05
26、0 fortitanium;(b) for carbon steel castings, the specified maximum limit is not toexceed: 0.10 for aluminum, 1.00 for silicon, and 0.050 for titanium.(c) for carbon steels that are required to be rephosphorized, thespecified minimum limit for phosphorus is not to be less than 0.040;(d) for carbon st
27、eels that are required to be resulfurized, the specifiedminimum limit for sulfur is not to be less than 0.060;(e) for carbon steels that are not required to be rephosphorized orresulfurized, the specified maximum limit is not to exceed: 0.60 forcopper, 0.050 for phosphorus, and 0.060 for sulfur; and
28、(f) for carbon steels that are required to contain boron, copper, or lead,the specified minimum limit is not to exceed: 0.0005 for boron, 0.35 forcopper, and 0.25 for lead.carbonitriding, ncase hardening in which a suitable steelobject is heated above Ac1in a gaseous atmosphere of suchcomposition as
29、 to cause simultaneous absorption of carbonand nitrogen by the surface and, by diffusion, to create aconcentration gradient.carburizing, na process in which an austenitized steel objectis brought into contact with a carbonaceous environment ofsufficient carbon potential to cause absorption of carbon
30、 atthe surface and, by diffusion, to create a concentrationgradient.case, nin case hardening, the outer portion that has beenmade harder than the core as a result of altered compositionor microstructure, or both, from treatments such ascarburizing, nitriding, and induction hardening.case hardening,
31、na generic term covering any of severalprocesses applicable to steel that change the chemicalcomposition or microstructure, or both, of the surface layer.DISCUSSIONThe processes commonly used are: carburizing andquench hardening; nitriding; and carbonitriding. It is preferred thatthe applicable spec
32、ific process name be used.cast analysisDeprecated term. Use the preferred term heatanalysis.cementation, nthe introduction of one or more elements intothe outer portion of a steel object by means of diffusion athigh temperature.certificate of compliance, nin manufactured products,adocument that stat
33、es that the product was manufactured,sampled, tested, and inspected in accordance with therequirements of the specification (including year of issue)and any other requirements specified in the purchase order orcontract, and has been found to meet such requirements.DISCUSSIONA single document, contai
34、ning test report informationand certificate of compliance information, may be used.certifying organization, nin product specifications, theentity responsible for the conformance and certification ofthe product to the specification requirements.check analysisDeprecated term. Use the preferred termpro
35、duct analysis.coarse grain practice, na steelmaking practice for otherthan stainless steel that is intended to produce a killed steelin which aluminum, niobium (columbium), titanium, andvanadium are residual elements.cold working, nmechanical deformation of a metal attemperatures below its recrystal
36、lization temperature.cold treatment, nexposing a steel object to temperaturesbelow room temperature for the purpose of obtaining desiredconditions or properties, such as dimensional or structuralstability.A941 13b2conditioning heat treatment, na preliminary heat treat-ment used to prepare a steel ob
37、ject for a desired reaction toa subsequent heat treatment.continuous-conveyance furnace, na heating device throughwhich steel objects are intentionally moved at a constant rateduring the thermal processing cycle.controlled cooling, ncooling a steel object from an elevatedtemperature in a predetermin
38、ed manner to avoid hardening,cracking, or internal damage, or to produce a desiredmicrostructure or mechanical properties.core, nin case hardening, the interior portion of unalteredcomposition or microstructure, or both, of a case hardenedsteel object.core, nin clad products, the central portion of
39、a multilayercomposite metallic material.critical cooling rate, nthe slowest rate of continuous coolingat which austenite can be cooled from above the transfor-mation range to prevent its transformation above Ms.cycle annealing, nannealing employing a predeterminedand closely controlled time-temperat
40、ure cycle to producespecific properties or a specific microstructure.decarburization, nthe loss of carbon from the surface of asteel object as a result of its being heated in a medium thatreacts with the carbon.defect, nan imperfection of sufficient magnitude to warrantrejection based on the specifi
41、ed requirements.differential heating, nheating that intentionally produces atemperature gradient within a steel object such that, aftercooling, a desired stress distribution or variation in proper-ties is present within the object.diffusion coating, nany process whereby a base metal iseither coated
42、with another metal and heated to a sufficienttemperature in a suitable environment, or exposed to agaseous or liquid medium containing the other metal,thereby causing diffusion of the coating or other metal intothe base metal, with a resultant change in the compositionand properties of its surface.d
43、irect quenching, nin thermochemical processing, quench-ing immediately following the thermochemical treatment.direct quenching, nin thermomechanical processing,quenching immediately following the final hot deformation.document, na written, printed, or electronic record thatprovides information, evid
44、ence, or official statements.double aging, nemployment of two different agingtreatments, in sequence, to control the type of precipitateformed from a supersaturated alloy matrix in order to obtainthe desired properties.DISCUSSIONthe first aging treatment, sometimes referred to asintermediate or stab
45、ilizing, is usually carried out at a higher tempera-ture than the second.double tempering, na treatment in which a quench-hardened steel object is given two complete temperingcycles at substantially the same temperature for the purposeof ensuring completion of the tempering reaction and pro-moting s
46、tability of the resultant microstructure.electronic data interchange, nthe computer to computerexchange of business information in a standardized format.ellipsis, nin a tabular entry, three periods (.) that indicatethat there is no requirement.ferritizing anneal, na heat treatment that produces apre
47、dominantly ferritic matrix in a steel object.ferroalloy, nan alloy of iron and one or more other metals,for use as an addition to the molten metal during themanufacture of steels, nickel alloys, or cobalt alloys.fine grain practice, na steelmaking practice for other thanstainless steel that is inten
48、ded to produce a killed steel thatis capable of meeting the requirements specified for fineaustenitic grain size.DISCUSSIONIt normally involves the addition of one or moreaustenitic grain refining elements in amounts that have been establishedby the steel producer as being sufficient. Austenitic gra
49、in refiningelements include, but are not limited to, aluminum, niobium(columbium), titanium, and vanadium.flame annealing, nannealing in which the heat is applieddirectly by a flame.flame hardening, na process in which only the surface layerof a suitable steel object is heated by flame to above Ac3orAccm, and then the object is quenched.fog quenching, nquenching in a mist.full annealing, nannealing a steel object by austenitizing itand then cooling it slowly through the transformationrange.DISCUSSIONThe austenit
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