ASTM A957 A957M-2009 Standard Specification for Investment Castings Steel and Alloy Common Requirements for General Industrial Use《一般工业用钢和合金熔模铸件通用要求的标准规范》.pdf

1、Designation: A 957/A 957M 09Standard Specification forInvestment Castings, Steel and Alloy, CommonRequirements, for General Industrial Use1This standard is issued under the fixed designationA 957/A 957M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in t

2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers a group of requirements thatare mandatory for castings pro

3、duced by the investment castingprocess to meet the metallurgical requirements of the followingsteel casting specifications issued by ASTM.ASTM Designation Title of SpecificationA 27/A 27M Steel Castings, Carbon, for General Ap-plicationA 148/A 148M Steel Castings, High-Strength, for Struc-tural Purp

4、osesA 297/A 297M Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat-Resistant, forGeneral ApplicationA 447/A 447M Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Al-loy (25-12 Class), for High-TemperatureServiceA 494/A 494M Castings, Nickel and Nickel AlloyA 560/A 560M Castings, Chromium-Nickel Alloy

5、A 732/A 732M Castings, Investment, Carbon and LowAlloy Steel for General Application, andCobalt Alloy for High Strength at ElevatedTemperaturesA 743/A 743M Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion-Resistant, for GeneralApplicationA 744/A 744M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corro-sio

6、n Resistant, for Severe ServiceA 747/A 747M Steel Castings, Stainless, PrecipitationHardeningA 890/A 890M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex(Austenitic/Ferritic) for General Applica-tionA 915/A 915M Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, Chemi-cal Requirements Similar t

7、o StandardWrought Grades1.2 This specification also covers a group of supplementaryrequirements that may be applied to the above specifications asindicated therein. These are provided for use when additionaltesting or inspection is desired and apply only when specifiedindividually by the purchaser i

8、n the order.1.3 When investment castings are ordered, the requirementsstated in this specification form an integral part of the materialspecification. In cases of conflict, the requirements of thisspecification shall take precedence over the individual materialspecification requirements.1.4 The valu

9、es stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard

10、.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 27/A 27M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, forGeneral ApplicationA 148/A 148M Specification for Steel Castings, HighStrength, for Structural PurposesA 297/A 297M Specification for Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resis

11、tant, forGeneral ApplicationA 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testingof Steel ProductsA 380 Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation ofStainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and SystemsA 447/A 447M Specification for Steel Castings,Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-12 Class), for Hig

12、h-Temperature ServiceA 488/A 488M Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Quali-fications of Procedures and PersonnelA 494/A 494M Specification for Castings, Nickel andNickel AlloyA 560/A 560M Specification for Castings, Chromium-Nickel AlloyA 609/A 609M Practice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Alloy,and Ma

13、rtensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic ExaminationThereofA 732/A 732M Specification for Castings, Investment, Car-bon and Low Alloy Steel for General Application, andCobalt Alloy for High Strength at Elevated TemperaturesA 743/A 743M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium,1This specification is un

14、der the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.18 on Castings.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2009. Published January 2009. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as A 957/A 957M

15、08.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this

16、standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for GeneralApplicationA 744/A 744M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for Severe ServiceA 747/A 74

17、7M Specification for Steel Castings, Stainless,Precipitation HardeningA 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology forChemical Analysis of Steel ProductsA 800/A 800M Practice for Steel Casting, Austenitic Alloy,Estimating Ferrite Content ThereofA 890/A 890M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromiu

18、m-Nickel-Molybdenum Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex(Austenitic/Ferritic) for General ApplicationA 903/A 903M Specification for Steel Castings, SurfaceAcceptance Standards, Magnetic Particle and Liquid Pen-etrant InspectionA 915/A 915M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon,and Alloy, Chemical Requirem

19、ents Similar to StandardWrought GradesA 941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Re-lated Alloys, and FerroalloysA 967 Specification for Chemical Passivation Treatmentsfor Stainless Steel PartsA 991/A 991M Test Method for Conducting TemperatureUniformity Surveys of Furnaces Used to Heat T

20、reat SteelProductsA 997 Practice for Investment Castings, Surface Accep-tance Standards, Visual ExaminationE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE 125 Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indica-

21、tions on Ferrous CastingsE 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant ExaminationE 186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412in. 51 to 114-mm) Steel CastingsE 192 Reference Radiographs of Investment Steel Castingsfor Aerospace ApplicationsE 280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to12-in

22、. 114 to 305-mm) Steel CastingsE 340 Test Method for Macroetching Metals and AlloysE 353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless,Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar Chromium-Nickel-Iron AlloysE 354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Othe

23、r Similar Iron,Nickel, and Cobalt AlloysE 446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.51 mm in ThicknessE 709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing2.2 SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice:3ARP 1341 Determining Decarburization and Carburizationin Finished Parts of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel3.

24、 Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions in Test Methods and Defi-nitions A 370, Test Methods, Practices, and TerminologyA 751, and Terminology A 941 are applicable to this specifi-cation and to those listed in 1.1.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 investment casting, na met

25、al casting that is pro-duced in a mold obtained by investing (surrounding) anexpendable pattern with a ceramic slurry that is allowed tosolidify. The expendable pattern may consist of wax, plastic, orother material and is removed prior to filling the mold withliquid metal.3.2.2 master heat, na quant

26、ity of metal processed in asingle furnace or refining vessel at one time in such a manneras to produce the desired composition and properties.3.2.3 sub-heat, na portion of a master heat remeltedwithout additional processing for pouring into castings. Syn-onyms: melt, production heat.4. Materials and

27、 Manufacture4.1 Melting ProcessMaster heats shall be made by theelectric furnace process with or without separate refining suchas argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD), vacuum-oxygen-degassing (VOD), vacuum-induction-melting (VIM), and soforth, unless otherwise specified in the individual specification

28、or agreed upon between the customer and producer. Masterheats may be used directly for producing castings or convertedinto ingot, bar, shot, or other suitable form, not including gatesand risers from casting production, for later remelting as asub-heat.4.2 Re-Melting ProcessSub-heats shall be produc

29、ed frommaster heat metal in suitable batch sizes by electric inductionfurnace with or without atmosphere protection such as vacuumor inert gas unless otherwise specified in the individualspecification or agreed upon between the customer and pro-ducer. Revert (gates, sprues, risers, and rejected cast

30、ings) shallnot be re-melted except in master heats.4.3 Sampling:4.3.1 If castings are poured directly from one or moremaster heats, then the samples for chemical and other requiredtesting shall also be poured directly from each of the masterheats.4.3.2 If castings are poured from a sub-heat, then th

31、esamples for chemical and other required testing shall also bepoured from a sub-heat of that same master heat, but notnecessarily from the same sub-heat as the castings. Thesub-heat used for the test samples shall be produced using thesame practices and additions as used for the castings.3Available

32、from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.A 957/A 957M 0924.3.3 Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, testspecimens may be taken from castings or from coupons castintegrally with the castings, in the same molds as the casting

33、s,or in separate molds.4.4 Heat Treatment:4.4.1 Castings shall be heat treated in the working zone of afurnace that has been surveyed in accordance with Test MethodA 991/A 991M.4.4.2 When castings are heat treated at temperatures above2000F (1100C), then the working zone shall have beenestablished b

34、y a survey performed at not more than 25F(15C) below nor more than 200F (110C) above the mini-mum heat treatment temperature specified for the grade. If aminimum heat treatment temperature is not specified for thegrade, then the survey temperature shall be not more than 50F(30C) below nor more than

35、175F (100C) above the furnaceset point used.4.4.3 The maximum variation in measured temperature asdetermined by the difference between the highest temperatureand the lowest temperature shall be as agreed between thepurchaser and producer except that during production heattreatment, no portion of the

36、 furnace shall be below theminimum specified temperature nor above the maximumspecified temperature for the grade being processed.5. Chemical Composition5.1 Chemical AnalysisChemical analysis of materialscovered by this specification shall be in accordance with TestMethods, Practices, and Terminolog

37、y A 751.5.2 Heat AnalysisAn analysis of samples obtained inaccordance with 4.3 or Supplementary Requirement S17 asappropriate, shall be made by the manufacturer to determinethe percentages of the elements specified in the individualspecification for the grade being poured. When drillings areused, th

38、ey shall be taken not less than116 in. 1.6 mm beneaththe surface. The chemical composition thus determined shallconform to the requirements in the individual specification forthe grade being poured.5.3 Product AnalysisA product analysis may be made bythe purchaser from material representing each mas

39、ter heat,sub-heat, lot, or casting. The analysis shall be made onrepresentative material. Samples for carbon analysis of carbonand alloy steel shall be taken no closer than116 in. 1.6 mm toa cast surface, except that castings too thin for this shall beanalyzed on representative material. The chemica

40、l compositionthus determined shall meet the requirements specified in theapplicable specification for the grade involved, or shall besubject to rejection by the purchaser, except that the chemicalcomposition determined for carbon and low alloy steel castingsmay vary from the specified limits by the

41、amounts shown inTable 1. The product analysis tolerances of Table 1 are notapplicable as acceptance criteria for heat analysis by thecasting manufacturer. When comparing product and heatanalysis for other than carbon and low alloy steels, thereproducibility Data R2, in Test Methods E 353 or E 354,as

42、applicable, shall be taken into consideration.5.4 Unspecified ElementsWhen chemical analysis for el-ements not specified for the grade ordered is desired, Supple-mentary Requirement S13 may be specified.NOTE 1All commercial metals contain small amounts of variouselements in addition to those that ar

43、e specified. It is neither practical nornecessary to specify limits for every unspecified element that might bepresent, despite the fact that the presence of many of these elements isoften routinely determined by the producer.5.5 The substitution of a grade or composition differentfrom that specifie

44、d by the purchaser is prohibited.6. Mechanical Requirements6.1 The individual product specifications vary as to whethermechanical tests are required; for this reason, and to determinespecific test requirements, the individual product specificationshould be reviewed. If mechanical testing is required

45、 by theproduct specification, sampling shall be in accordance with 4.3or with Supplementary Requirement S18 as appropriate.6.2 Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, whenmechanical properties are required by the product specifica-tion, test coupons may be taken from castings, may be castintegr

46、ally with the castings, or may be cast in separate molds ofthe same type and material as those used for the castings, inaccordance with Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3,orFig. 4, except whenTABLE 1 Product Analysis TolerancesElement Range, %ATolerancesB,COverMaximum or UnderMinimum Limit, %C up to 0.65 0.03 3

47、 %CL+ 0.02above 0.65 0.04Mn up to 1 0.08 3 %MnL+ 0.01above 1 0.09Si up to 0.60 0.22 3 %SiL 0.01above 0.60 0.15P all 0.13 3 %PL+ 0.005S all 0.36 3 %SL+ 0.001Ni up to 2 0.10 3 %NiL+ 0.03above 2 0.25Cr up to 2 0.07 3 %CrL+ 0.04above 2 0.18Mo up to 0.6 0.04 3 %MoL+ 0.03above 0.6 0.06V up to 0.25 0.23 3

48、%VL+ 0.004above 0.25 0.06W up to 0.10 0.08 3 %WL+ 0.02above 0.10 0.02Cu up to 0.15 0.18 3 %CuL+ 0.02above 0.15 0.05Al up to 0.10 0.08 3 %AlL+ 0.02above 0.10 0.03AThe range denotes the composition limits up to which tolerances are computedby the equation, and above which the tolerances are given by a

49、 constant.BThe subscript L for the elements in each equation indicates that the limits ofthe element specified by the applicable specification are to be inserted into theequation to calculate the tolerance for the upper limit and the lower limit (ifapplicable), respectively. Examples of computing tolerances are presented infootnote C.CTo illustrate the computation of the tolerance, consider the manganesemaximum of 0.70 for an 0.30 carbon grade 65-35 in SpecificationA 27/A 27M. Themaximum permissible deviation is (0.08 3 0.70 + 0.01) = 0.066. Ther