1、Designation: A979/A979M 03 (Reapproved 2014)1Standard Specification forConcrete Pavements and Linings Installed in CorrugatedSteel Structures in the Field1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A979/A979M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original ad
2、option or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEReferenced Documents section updated editorially in October 2014.1. Scope1.1
3、This specification covers the minimum material require-ments and describes the procedures for installing concretepavements and linings in corrugated steel pipes and structuralplate structures in the field. Specific designs with additional orgreater requirements shall be detailed in the contract docu
4、-ments. This specification is applicable to paving or lining newpipes and for rehabilitating existing structures. The pipe to bepaved or lined is described in Specifications A760/A760M,A761/A761M, and A762/A762M.1.2 This specification covers pipes 48 in. 1 200 mm andlarger for pavements and 24 in. 6
5、00 mm and larger for fulllinings.1.3 New pipes are to be designed in accordance withPractice A796/A796M and installed in accordance with Prac-tice A798/A798M for factory-made pipes and Practice A807/A807M for structural plate structures. Structures to be reha-bilitated shall be structurally stable.1
6、.4 Pipes with plant installed concrete pavements and lin-ings are covered under Specification A849.1.5 This specification is applicable to product in eitherinch/pound units as A979 or in SI units as A979M. Inch/poundunits and SI units are not necessarily equivalent. SI units areshown in brackets in
7、the text for clarity, but they are theapplicable values when materials are ordered to A979M.1.6 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-tions and equipment. The standard does not purport to addressall of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It isthe responsibility of th
8、e user of this standard to establishappropriate safety and health practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A1064/A1064M Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire andWelded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, forConcreteA
9、615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA760/A760M Specification for Corrugated Steel Pipe,Metallic-Coated for Sewers and DrainsA761/A761M Specification for Corrugated Steel StructuralPlate, Zinc-Coated, for Field-Bolted Pipe, Pipe-Arches,and Arches
10、A762/A762M Specification for Corrugated Steel Pipe, Poly-mer Precoated for Sewers and DrainsA796/A796M Practice for Structural Design of CorrugatedSteel Pipe, Pipe-Arches, and Arches for Storm and Sani-tary Sewers and Other Buried ApplicationsA798/A798M Practice for Installing Factory-Made Corru-gat
11、ed Steel Pipe for Sewers and Other ApplicationsA807/A807M Practice for Installing Corrugated Steel Struc-tural Plate Pipe for Sewers and Other ApplicationsA849 Specification for Post-Applied Coatings, Pavings, andLinings for Corrugated Steel Sewer and Drainage PipeA902 Terminology Relating to Metall
12、ic Coated Steel Prod-uctsC31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin-drical Concrete SpecimensC150 Specification for Portland CementC309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Fo
13、rming Com-pounds for Curing ConcreteC595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A05 onMetallic-Coated Iron and Steel Productsand is the direc
14、t responsibility of Subcom-mittee A05.17 on Corrugated Steel Pipe Specifications.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published October 2014. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as A979/A979M - 09.DOI: 10.1520/A0979_A0979M-03R14E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, vis
15、it the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 1
16、00 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D6690 Specification for Joint and Crack Sealants, HotApplied, for Concrete and Asphalt Pavements2.2 American Water Works Association Standards:AWWA C602 Standards for Cement-Mortar Lining of WaterPipelines-4 in. (100
17、mm) and larger-in place33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of general terms used in thisspecification, see Terminology A902.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 contractor, nthe installer or applicator of the con-crete pavement of lining.3.2.2 engineer, nthe designer of
18、 the work and its details.3.2.3 fabricator, nthe producer of the pipe.3.2.4 lining, nfor corrugated metal pipe, a layer of non-metallic material applied uniformly to the interior of a fabri-cated pipe, of sufficient thickness to fill and cover the corru-gations.3.2.5 pavement, nfor corrugated metal
19、pipe, a liningapplied only to a portion of the interior circumference, usuallylocated in the lower portion (as the pipe is installed).3.2.6 purchaser, nthe person or agency purchasing thefinished product.4. Requirements4.1 Concrete PavementsConcrete pavements shall beplaced after the pipe has been i
20、nstalled. For new pipes,pavements shall be placed after the pipe is backfilled to finalgrade. If the depth of fill exceeds four feet, the pavement maybe placed after four feet of backfill over the pipe has beenplaced. If the paving is placed prior to completion of the entirefill, any gaps between th
21、e pipe and pavement shall be filledwith heated joint sealer conforming to Specification D6690.Special pavement designs, which exceed the minimum require-ments of this specification, shall be detailed in the job plansand specifications. In lieu of special designs, pavements shallextend over the area
22、to be protected or rehabilitated. Invertpavements shall cover a minimum of the bottom 25 % of around pipes circumference and 40 % of the circumference ofa pipe-arch (the invert of the pipe-arch), unless a special designis detailed in the plans and specifications.4.1.1 The concrete for pavements shal
23、l have a minimum28-day compressive strength of 3250 psi 22.4 MPa whentested in accordance with Specification C31/C31M and TestMethod C39/C39M. The pavement shall have a minimum 3 in.75-mm thickness above the crests of the corrugations orstructural plate bolts or nuts as applicable.4.1.2 A minimum pa
24、vement thickness of 1-12 in. 38 mmabove the crests of the corrugations or structural plate bolts ornuts as applicable is required if concrete with a 28-dayminimum compressive strength of 5 000 psi 34.5 MPa whentested in accordance with Specification C31/C31M and TestMethod C39/C39M, is used.NOTE 1Fo
25、r rehabilitation applications, greater concrete pavementthicknesses may be required to replace necessary pipe ring compressionstrength lost due to service conditions.4.2 Concrete LiningsConcrete linings shall be placed afterthe pipe has been installed and backfilled to final grade.Concrete linings s
26、hall cover 100 % of the circumference ofround pipes.4.2.1 The concrete for linings shall have a minimum 28-daycompressive strength of 5 000 psi 34.5 MPa when tested inaccordance with Specification C31/C31M and Test MethodC39/C39M. The lining shall have a minimum thickness of18in. 3.2 mm above the cr
27、ests of the corrugations or structuralplate bolts or nuts as applicable.4.3 Concrete MaterialsConcrete materials for pavementsand linings shall consist of portland cement, fly ash (whenused), aggregates and water. Special additives for airentrainment, sulfate resistance, etc., may be included as par
28、t ofa specific mix design that meets or exceeds the requirements ofthis specification.4.3.1 The cement for pavements shall be Type II portlandcement conforming to Specification C150 with an alkalicontent not more than 0.60 % expressed as Na2O.4.3.2 The cement used for linings shall conform to thereq
29、uirements of Specification C150 for Type I or Type II.4.3.3 Type IP portland Pozzolan cement conforming toSpecification C595 shall be permitted in concrete for pave-ments or linings, in lieu of the requirements of 4.3.1 or 4.3.2,if no fly ash is used in the mix.4.3.4 Aggregates shall be clean, hard,
30、 and durable conform-ing to the requirements of Specification C33 except that forconcrete linings, the requirements for grading do not apply. Forlinings, the aggregates shall be well graded with 100 % passingthe No. 16 1.18 mm sieve with no more than 5 % passing theNo. 100 150-m sieve.4.3.5 Fly ash
31、shall conform to the requirements of Specifi-cation C618 for Class C or Class F. When used for pavementsor linings, fly ash shall not exceed 20 % weight of the totalcementitious materials in the mix.4.3.6 Potable water shall be used.4.3.7 Steel reinforcement, when required for pavements,shall be bil
32、let-steel bars conforming to Specification A615/A615M, Grade 40 minimum or welded wire fabric reinforce-ment conforming to Specification A1064/A1064M.4.4 Concrete MixThe concrete mix shall be uniform andhomogeneous. The water content shall be the minimum quan-tity that produces a workable mixture wi
33、th full allowance madefor condensation forming on the interior of the pipe. Thewater-cement ratio of the mix shall not exceed 0.50 by weight.NOTE 2Guidance as to concrete mix consistency requirements forvarious types of equipment used to place full concrete linings is providedin the American Water W
34、orks Association (AWWA ).4.5 Surface Finish:4.5.1 Pavements shall have a troweled or untroweled sur-face finish as specified in the contract documents. Full liningsshall have a troweled surface finish.4.5.1.1 Untroweled pavements shall be uniform and regularin appearance, meeting the requirements of
35、 4.1 unless the plans3Available from American Water Works Association (AWWA), 6666 W. QuincyAve., Denver, CO 80235, http:/www.awwa.org.A979/A979M 03 (2014)12and specifications require a specially roughened surface, en-ergy dissipators, etc., to slow or impede flow.NOTE 3Concrete pavements including
36、special surface rougheningtechniques (the placement of concrete bricks, blocks, etc., into thepavement to provide energy dissipating flow checks, etc.) are permitted.Such techniques must be detailed in the plans and specifications.4.5.2 A troweled surface finish shall be accomplished usingmetal trow
37、els and floats. The finished surface shall meet therequirements of 7.4.4.6 Pipe Repairs:4.6.1 When paving or lining new pipes, damaged pipe shallbe replaced or repaired in accordance with the pipe Specifica-tions A760/A760M, A761/A761M,orA762/A762M, as appli-cable.4.6.2 Damaged or deteriorated pipes
38、 to be rehabilitated shallbe repaired as directed by the engineer. Repairs are theresponsibility of the paving or lining contractor or others asdictated by the contract documents.5. Procedures5.1 Cleaning and Preparation:5.1.1 The interior surface areas of new pipes to be paved orlined shall be free
39、 or oil, grease, and accumulated or runningwater. Dirt and construction debris shall be removed. Brushing,sweeping, or flushing are appropriate cleaning means. Shot orsand blasting shall not be permitted.5.1.2 For rehabilitating pipes in service, the areas to bepaved or lined shall be cleaned by met
40、hods specified orapproved by the purchaser to remove corrosion, chemical orother products, any loose or deteriorated remains of oldcoatings, oils, greases, dirt and all other debris, as well asaccumulated or running water.5.1.3 Casual or standing water except for naturally occur-ring condensation sh
41、all be removed from surfaces to be lined orpaved. When running water or service flows are present, abypass system carrying these flows around the portion of thepipeline to be paved or lined shall be provided by thecontractor. The bypass system shall be approved by thepurchaser and shall carry all th
42、e flows. The pavement or liningis to be placed in dry conditions and cured adequately topreclude erosion of the concrete, loss of cement or theformation of excessive laitance.5.2 Paving Methods:5.2.1 Pavements shall be placed by hand or slip formingmethods. They must be placed in a full thickness, s
43、creeded andfinished to the necessary smoothness.5.2.2 Reinforcement shall be supplied and installed by thepipe fabricator if required by the purchase agreement for thepipe. Otherwise, for new pipe installations and all rehabilita-tion work the reinforcement shall be supplied and installed bythe cont
44、ractor or others designated in the contract documents.5.2.3 Reinforcement shall be of the type, size, and spacingas required by the plans and specifications. If the type, size, andspacing of reinforcement are not given in the plans orspecifications, a minimum 44 W1.4W1.4 welded wire fabricshall be p
45、rovided.5.2.4 Reinforcement shall be securely fastened to the pipe.NOTE 4Reinforcement, when required, typically consists of longitu-dinal No. 3 or larger bars, located to provide a minimum of 0.2 %reinforcement area. Steel welded wire fabric, used in lieu of bars, isselected to provide this minimum
46、, longitudinal steel reinforcement areawith a mesh size that accommodates foot traffic during assembly andconcrete placement. Specific designs including reinforcement must evalu-ate reinforcement location and pavement thickness to provide adequateconcrete cover over the reinforcement for the intende
47、d application.5.3 Lining Methods:5.3.1 The lining for all straight pipe sections shall be placed,in one or more passes, by a machine that progresses uniformlythrough the pipe and applies concrete against the pipe surfacefully filling the corrugation and providing a uniform thicknessover the corrugat
48、ion crests meeting the requirements of 4.2.1.The machine shall not segregate the mix and shall be providedwith mechanical trowels to achieve the desired finish.5.3.2 Linings shall be hand placed in sharp bends, or otherareas where machine lining is not practicable. All handworkshall meet the require
49、ments of 4.2.All hand placed lining workshall be completed within 24 h after completion of the machineapplication portion of the pipeline.5.4 Curing:5.4.1 Curing operations shall begin immediately followingthe completion of the placement of the pavement or lining in asection of pipeline and shall continue for a minimum period of72 h or as directed by the engineer. The surface of the concreteshall be kept moist during the cure period. When practical, thepipeline shall be closed with airtight covers and the liningsmaintained in a moist condi
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