1、Designation: A987/A987M 09 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Practice forMeasuring Shape Characteristics of Tin Mill Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A987/A987M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 Shape is a significant quality characteristic for tin millproducts. Plate-shape is affected by mill proces
3、s factors plusthe temper, thickness and width of the material supplied. It isthe purpose of this practice to define accurately the differentplate shape characteristics and to describe the practice(s) mostcommonly used to measure particular characteristics.1.2 Quantitative limits are not addressed an
4、d should beestablished on an individual producer and user basis, whereappropriate.1.3 The values stated in either in-pound or SI units are to beregarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown inbrackets. The values stated in each system must be usedindependently of the other. Combining
5、 values from the twosystems may result in nonconformance with this specification.1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and to determin
6、e the applicability of regula-tory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A599/A599M Specification for Tin Mill Products, Electro-lytic Tin-Coated, Cold-Rolled SheetA623 Specification for Tin Mill Products, General Require-mentsA623M Specification for Tin Mill Products,
7、General Re-quirements MetricA624/A624M Specification for Tin Mill Products, Electro-lytic Tin Plate, Single ReducedA625/A625M Specification for Tin Mill Products, BlackPlate, Single-ReducedA626/A626M Specification for Tin Mill Products, Electro-lytic Tin Plate, Double ReducedA650/A650M Specification
8、 for Tin Mill Products, BlackPlate, Double ReducedA657/A657M Specification for Tin Mill Products, BlackPlate Electrolytic Chromium-Coated, Single and DoubleReduced3. Classification3.1 The substrate shall conform to all the requirements ofthe appropriate specifications as follows: Specifications A623
9、,A623M, A599/A599M, A624/A624M, A625/A625M, A626/A626M, A650/A650M, and A657/A657M.4. Significance and Use4.1 The definitions and procedures for measuring shapecharacteristics of tin mill products are provided so that pur-chasers and suppliers have common measuring procedures anddefinitions of shape
10、 characteristics. These procedures providedefinitions and measuring techniques of shape characteristics.The intention of these definitions and measuring practices isnot to provide a dimensional specification for shapecharacteristics, but rather common procedure(s) for quantify-ing shape anomalies.5.
11、 Interferences5.1 Measurement of shape often has been subjective, at best.Successful measurement of various shape anomalies on quan-titative terms requires recognition of several factors that caninterfere with accurate measurements.5.1.1 Flat surfaces are required. Measurement of severalanomalies re
12、quire laying of the sample on a flat surface. Amachined flat surface is recommended. Laying a sample on afloor may introduce error due to areas on a floor that are notflat.5.1.2 Several anomalies are measured by hanging the sheet.Hanging by holding the sample with a hand can introduce errorfrom pres
13、sures exerted by fingers. A mechanical single deviceclamp to help hold these samples is recommended.5.1.3 Stepblock gauges or tapered gauges should bechecked regularly with a calibrated hand micrometer. Wear ordirt build up could affect accuracy.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commi
14、ttee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.20 on Tin Mill Products.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as A987 - 09. DOI:10.1520/A0987_A0987M-0
15、9R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this
16、 standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.1.4 Computer-based shape measuring instruments must beclean and the sensors must be in good condition. The sheetsample must be damage free.6. Apparatus6.1 Appropriate tools to
17、 measure shape anomalies are de-scribed along with drawings (attached) as required.6.1.1 Flat Surfaces Accurate measurements of shapeanomalies require a flat surface, machined flat preferred.6.1.2 Machined Stepblock GaugeSee Fig. 1, typically,steps are in116-in. increments.6.1.3 Tapered Gauge See Fi
18、g. 2.6.1.4 Standard Ruler or Tape Measure.6.1.5 Hand Micrometer.6.1.6 Shape Test JigFig. 3, or other shape test jigs ofappropriate design.6.1.7 Light-Weight Straight-Edge.6.1.8 Computer-based Shape Measuring Instruments aredesigned for flatness measurements on samples of cold rolledsheet products or
19、 tin mill products.7. ProcedureDefinitions and Measuring Practices of Shape Anomalies7.1 Wavy Edge (See Fig. 4):7.1.1 DefinitionA series of rolling direction edge devia-tions from a recognized flat surface. When a sample is placedon a recognized flat table, wavy edges will appear as undula-tions alo
20、ng the edge, having the height (A) and a measurablecycle (B). This defect can be quantified using the “I” unit (seeSection 8) or steepness calculations.7.1.2 Measuring Practices:7.1.2.1 A sample of approximately 3 ft 0.9 m in length bycoil width is placed on a flat table. Measure the height (A)atthe
21、 peak point of each wave from the recognized flat surfacewith a tapered gauge or a stepblock gauge. Also measure thecycle length (B) from peak to peak of each wave with a ruleror tape measure.7.1.2.2 Measure using a computer-based shape measuringinstrument or other instrument of appropriate design.7
22、.2 Ridge Buckle, Quarter Buckle, Center Buckle (see Fig.5):7.2.1 DefinitionThese buckles are continuous deviationsfrom a recognized flat surface occurring usually in narrowwidth areas parallel to the rolling direction other than at thesheet edges.7.2.2 Measuring Practices:7.2.2.1 A sheet sample of a
23、pproximately 3 ft 0.9 m by coilwidth is placed on a flat table. Push material diagonally alongthe sample to within 4 in. 10 cm of the selected corner andmeasure the vertical uplift using a tapered gauge or a stepblockgauge.7.2.2.2 Shear through the center line of the shape anomalyand measure as an e
24、dge wave using a tapered gauge or astepblock gauge.7.2.2.3 Measure using a computer-based shape measuringinstrument or other instrument of appropriate design.7.3 Full Center (see Fig. 6):7.3.1 DefinitionAny overall deviation of a sheet from arecognized flat surface occurring over a major portion of
25、thesheet width parallel to the rolling direction other than at thesheet edges.7.3.2 Measuring Practices:7.3.2.1 A sheet sample of approximately 3 ft 0.9 m by coilwidth is placed on a flat table. Push material diagonally alongthe sample until the maximum lift occurs at the selected cornerand measure
26、the vertical uplift using a tapered gauge or astepblock gauge, or a standard ruler.7.3.2.2 Shear through the center line of the shape anomalyand measure as an edge wave using a tapered gauge or astepblock gauge.7.3.2.3 Measure using a computer-based shape measuringinstrument or other instrument of a
27、ppropriate design.7.4 Edge Lift (see Fig. 7):7.4.1 DefinitionAny deviation of one sheet edge otherthan a wavy edge. This edge lift is parallel to the rollingdirection and rises when placed on a recognized flat surface.7.4.2 Measuring Practice A sheet sample of approxi-mately 3 ft 0.9 m by coil width
28、 is placed on a flat table. Pushmaterial diagonally along the sheet until the maximum liftoccurs at the selected edge and measure the vertical distance(A) with a tapered gauge, a stepblock gauge, or a standard ruler.7.5 Coil Set and Reverse Coil Set (see Fig. 8):NOTE 1This is a stepblock gauge for a
29、ll thicknesses and sizes of cut sheets.NOTE 2Dimensions given are approximate overall dimensions.FIG. 1 Shape Stepblock GaugeA987/A987M 09 (2014)27.5.1 DefinitionA bow condition or deviation in the sheetas measured from a recognized flat surface. The deviation runsparallel with the rolling direction
30、 and takes the shape of a coil.Reverse coil set reverses the shape of a coil. The degree of coilNOTE 1This is a tapered gauge for all thicknesses and sizes of cut sheets.FIG. 2 Shape Tapered GaugeNOTE 1To measure line bow (up or down) requires the use of a shape test jig.FIG. 3 Shape Test JigFIG. 4
31、Wavy EdgeFIG. 5 Ridge Buckle, Quarter Buckle, Center BuckleA987/A987M 09 (2014)3set usually is determined in a vertical, free-hanging positionwhen held against a straight-edge. Use of the shape test jig(Fig. 3) is highly recommended for this measurement.7.5.2 Measuring Practices:7.5.2.1 A sheet samp
32、le of approximately 3 ft 0.9 m by coilwidth should be held by a clamp or with the thumb and indexfinger. Hold the sample in the center of the rolling directiondimension. Hold the samples edges against a recognizedstraight edge, and measure the deviation (A) from the edge tothe center of the sample.
33、Use a rule accurate to116 in. or 1mm.7.5.2.2 Measure the edge rise (A) of the sheet laying on arecognized flat surface.7.6 Twist (see Fig. 9):7.6.1 DefinitionA combination of shape anomalies thatresults in a twisting of the sheet where diagonal corners willbow in opposite directions when the sheet i
34、s held in a vertical,free-hanging position.7.6.2 Measuring Practices:7.6.2.1 A sheet sample of approximately 3 ft 0.9 m by coilwidth should be placed on a flat table. Measure the edge lift (A)on one side then turn the sheet over and measure the edge lifton the other side of the sample. Measure using
35、 a tapered gaugeor a stepblock gauge.7.6.2.2 A sheet sample of approximately 3 ft 0.9 m by coilwidth should be held by a clamp or with the thumb and indexfinger in the center of the rolling direction dimension. Measurethe amount of the twist by the deviation of one of the cornersfrom a flat surface
36、using a ruler. Flip the sample 180 andmeasure the deviation from vertical of the other corner, usinga ruler.7.7 Crossbow (see Fig. 10):7.7.1 DefinitionAn edge deviation in the sheet runningperpendicular to the rolling direction. Both rolling directionedges are raised measurable amounts (A) from a re
37、cognized flatsurface. The degree of cross bow usually is determined in avertical, free-hanging position held against a straight edge. Useof the shape test jig (Fig. 3) is highly recommended for thismeasurement.7.7.2 Measuring Practices:7.7.2.1 A sheet sample of approximately 3 ft 0.9 m by coilwidth
38、should be held by a clamp or with the thumb and theindex finger in the center of sheet dimension that is perpen-dicular to the rolling direction. In case of dispute, a clamp nomore than 2 in. 50.8 mm wide shall be used to hold the testsample. Hold the samples edges against a recognized straightedge,
39、 and measure the deviation (A) from the straight edge tocenter of the sample. Use a rule accurate to116 in. or 1 mm.7.7.2.2 Measure the edge rise of a sheet lying on a flatsurface.7.8 Camber (see Fig. 11):7.8.1 DefinitionThe greatest deviation of a coil edge froma straight line. The measurement is t
40、aken on the concave sideand is the perpendicular distance from a straight line to thepoint of maximum deviation (A).FIG. 6 Full CenterFIG. 7 Edge LiftA987/A987M 09 (2014)47.8.2 Measuring Practice:7.8.2.1 A sample of at least 20 ft 6 m is laid next to anaccurate straight edge. The perpendicular dista
41、nce (A)ismeasured using a ruler accurate to116 in. or 1 mm.7.8.2.2 Alternate Practice of MeasurementMacroAnalysisCut two 20-ft 6-m consecutive sections frommaster coil. Butt together the sections with similar edges. At a10-ft 3-m distance from the end, measure the distancebetween the two edges. Divi
42、de this measurement in half todetermine the actual camber.7.8.2.3 Alternate Practice of MeasurementMicroAnalysisObtain consecutive customer sheared sheets equiva-lent to 20 ft 6 m. Using a squaring table with a sliding gaugeset at zero, slide the gauges right to left along one slit edge. Thereading
43、on the extreme left slit edge of Sheet No. 1 will be thebeginning reading on the extreme right edge of Sheet No. 2.This procedure should be used from consecutive sheet toconsecutive sheet until 20 ft 6 m have been measured. Dividethe final measurement in half to determine the actual camber.7.9 Later
44、al Weave (see Fig. 12):7.9.1 DefinitionWeave is defined as oscillation of the coilor sheet edge from a straight line. The measurement is taken onthe concave side and is the perpendicular distance from astraight line to the point of maximum deviation (A).7.9.2 Measuring Practices:7.9.2.1 Macro Analys
45、is A sheet sample of at least 20 ft 6m in length is laid next to an accurate straight edge. Theperpendicular distance (A) is measured using a ruler accurate to116 in. or 1 mm.FIG. 8 Coil Set and Reverse Coil SetFIG. 9 TwistA987/A987M 09 (2014)57.9.2.2 Micro Analysis Obtain consecutive customersheare
46、d sheets equivalent to 20 ft 6 m. Using a squaring tablewith a sliding gauge set at zero, slide to gauges right to leftalong one slit edge. The reading on the extreme left slit edge ofSheet No. 1 will be the beginning reading on the extreme rightedge of Sheet No. 2. This procedure should be used fro
47、mconsecutive sheet to consecutive sheet until 20 ft 6 m havebeen measured. The individual measurements then are plotted,the maximum value being the maximum weave deviation.8. I-Unit Calculation8.1 This calculation assumes that shape irregularities mostclosely conform to sinusoidal wave forms and use
48、s the shapewave length and height for the calculation. An alternateapproach is to use % steepness as a measure of the severity ofshape imperfections (see Fig. 13).9. Precision and Bias9.1 PrecisionPrecision is not specified in these measuringpractices. The procedures are provided so that purchasers
49、andsuppliers have common methodology and definitions of shapecharacteristics.9.2 BiasSince there is no accepted reference materialsuitable for determining the bias of the procedures in thispractice, bias has not been determined.FIG. 10 CrossbowFIG. 11 CamberFIG. 12 Lateral WeaveA987/A987M 09 (2014)610. Keywords10.1 coated steel sheet; shape characteristics; tin mill prod-ucts; tinplateSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last iss
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