1、Designation: B213 11Standard Test Methods forFlow Rate of Metal Powders Using the Hall FlowmeterFunnel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B213; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of a
3、 flow rate,by the use of the Hall Fowmeter funnel of metal powders andpowder mixtures. It is suitable only for those powders that willflow unaided through the Hall Flowmeter funnel.1.2 With the exception of the values for density and themass used to determine density, for which the use of the grampe
4、r cubic centimeter (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long-standing industry practice, the values in inch-pound units are tobe regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses aremathematical conversions to SI units that are provided forinformation only, and are not considered standard.1.3 This
5、standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2
6、.1 ASTM Standards:2B215 Practices for Sampling Metal PowdersB243 Terminology of Powder MetallurgyB855 Test Method for Volumetric Flow Rate of MetalPowders Using Arnold Meter and Hall FunnelB964 Test Methods for Flow Rate of Metal Powders Usingthe Carney Funnel3. Terminology3.1 Definitions Definition
7、s of powder metallurgy termscan be found in Terminology B243.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 Hall flow rate (FRH), nthe time required for a metalpowder sample of specified mass to flow through the orifice ina Hall Flowmeter funnel according to a specified procedure.4. Summar
8、y of Test Method4.1 A weighed mass (50.0 g) of metal powder is timed as itflows through the calibrated orifice of a Hall Flowmeter funnel.5. Significance and Use5.1 The rate and uniformity of die cavity filling are relatedto flow properties, which thus influence production rates anduniformity of com
9、pacted parts.5.2 The ability of a powder to flow is a function ofinterparticle friction. As interparticle friction increases, flow isslowed. Fine powders may not flow. Some powders, often finepowders and lubricated powder mixtures, may not flowthrough the Hall Flowmeter funnel. Nevertheless, if a la
10、rgerorifice is provided, such as in the Carney Flowmeter funnel ofTest Method B964, a meaningful flow rate may be determined,providing specific information for certain applications.5.3 Test Method B213, using the Hall Flowmeter funnel, isthe preferred method for determining the flowability of metalp
11、owders and powder mixtures. The Carney Flowmeter funnelof Method B964 should only be used when powder will notflow through the Hall Flowmeter funnel.5.4 Humidity and moisture content influence flow rate. Wetor moist powders may not flow.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B
12、09 on MetalPowders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of B09.02 onBase Metal Powders.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2011. Published December 2011. Originallyapproved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as B213 03. DOI:10.1520/B0213-11.2For referenced ASTM stand
13、ards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM Inter
14、national, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.5 These test methods are based on flow of a specified massof powder. If flow of a specific volume of powder is preferred,Test Method B855 may be used for powders that flow readilythrough the Hall Flowmete
15、r funnel.5.6 This test method may be part of the purchase agreementbetween powder manufacturers and powder metallurgy (PM)part producers, or it can be an internal quality control test byeither the producer or the end user.6. Apparatus6.1 Powder Flowmeter Funnel3A flowmeter funnel (Fig.1) having a ca
16、librated orifice of 0.10 in. (2.54 mm) in diameter.6.2 The dimensions shown for the flowmeter funnel, includ-ing the orifice, are not to be considered controlling factors.Calibration with emery, as specified in Section 9, determinesthe working flow rate of the funnel.6.3 Stand3A stand (Fig. 2) to su
17、pport the powder flow-meter funnel.6.4 WorkbenchA level, vibration free table or workbenchto support the powder flowmeter stand.6.5 Timing DeviceA stopwatch or other suitable devicecapable of measuring to the nearest 0.1 s.6.6 Chinese Emery3An emery powder used to calibratethe flowmeter funnel.6.7 B
18、alanceA balance readable to 0.01 g suitable forweighing at least 50.0 g to the nearest 0.1 g.7. Sampling7.1 A test sample of powder sufficient to run the desirednumber of flow tests shall be obtained in accordance withPractice B215.7.2 Individual test portions, each of approximately therequired mass
19、, shall be obtained from the test sample inaccordance with Practice B215.8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Clean the funnel with clean dry toweling paper.8.2 Clean the funnel orifice with a clean dry pipe cleaner.9. Calibration of Apparatus9.1 The manufacturer supplies the powder flowmeter funnelcalibr
20、ated as follows:9.1.1 Heat an open glass jar of Chinese emery in a dryingoven at a temperature of 102 to 107C (215 to 225F) for 1h.9.1.2 Cool the emery to room temperature in a dessicator.9.1.3 Follow the procedure outlined in steps 10.1.1-10.1.8 .9.1.4 Repeat steps 10.1.2-10.1.8 using the identical
21、 50.0 gmass of emery for all the tests until 5 flow times, the extremesof which shall not differ by more than 0.4 s, have beenrecorded.NOTE 1The flow rate of Chinese emery calibration powder is sensi-tive to moisture. Starting from the dried condition, it will absorb moisturefrom the ambient air as
22、five (or more) flow tests are performed. Flow timescan vary dependent upon the humidity of the test area.9.1.5 The average of these five flow times is stamped on thebottom of the funnel.9.2 The flow rate of Chinese emery powder was establishedby an interlaboratory study conducted by SubcommitteeB09.
23、02 in 1995.4It represents the flow rate through the masterflowmeter funnel that had been used in a previous interlabo-ratory study with the former Turkish emery calibration powder,which is no longer available.3The flowmeter funnel, stand, and Chinese emery are available fromAcuPowderInternational, L
24、LC.4Supporting data is available from ASTM Headquarters.FIG. 1 Hall Flowmeter FunnelB213 1129.3 It is recommended that the flow rate be checked peri-odically, at least every six months, using the procedure outlinedin steps 9.1.1-9.1.5. If the flow rate has changed from thatstamped on the instrument,
25、 the new correction factor will be40.0 divided by this new flow rate. Before adopting the newcorrection factor, however, it is recommended that the cause ofthe change be investigated. If the flow rate has increased (fasterflow), it is probable that repeated use has burnished the orificeand the new c
26、orrection factor may be used. A decrease in flowrate (slower flow) may indicate a plating of soft powder uponthe orifice. This should be removed carefully with the aid of apipe cleaner and the calibration test rerun, the new correctionfactor being calculated if required. It is recommended that theus
27、e of a funnel be discontinued after the flow rate of the emeryhas increased such that the time of flow is less than 37 s.10. Procedure10.1 Method 1Stationary Powder Start to Flow Measure-ment (Static Flow Method):10.1.1 Weigh out a 50.0 g mass of powder, as sampled, intoa clean weighing dish.10.1.2
28、Block the discharge orifice at the bottom of thefunnel with a dry finger.10.1.3 Carefully pour the 50.0 g sample of powder into thecenter of the flowmeter funnel without any tapping, vibrationor movement of the funnel.10.1.4 Place the emptied weighing dish on the flowmeterstand directly under the fu
29、nnel orifice.10.1.5 Simultaneously start the timing device and removeyour finger from the discharge orifice.10.1.6 If the powder fails to start flowing, one light tap onthe funnel rim is permitted. Further tapping of the funnel,however, or poking or stirring of the powder in the funnel witha wire or
30、 any other implement is not permitted.10.1.7 Stop the timing device the instant the last of thepowder exits the orifice.10.1.8 Record the elapsed time to the nearest 0.1 s.10.1.9 More than one flow may be run if desired. Use afresh 50.0 g quantity of powder for each flow test. Average theflow times.
31、10.2 Method 2Moving Powder Start to Flow Measure-ment (Dynamic Flow Method):10.2.1 Place an empty receptacle directly under the dis-charge orifice.10.2.2 Weigh out a 50.0 g mass of powder, as sampled, intoa clean weighing dish.10.2.3 Pour the 50.0 g powder specimen into the center ofthe funnel and s
32、tart the timing device the instant the powderexits the orifice.10.2.4 Stop the timing device the instant the last of thepowder exits the orifice.10.2.5 Record the elapsed time to the nearest 0.1 s.10.2.6 More than one flow may be run if desired. Use afresh 50.0 g quantity of powder for each flow tes
33、t. Average theflow times.11. Calculation11.1 Calculate the correction factor by dividing 40.0 byeither the flow rate stamped on the bottom of the funnel, or thenew calibration flow rate established in 9.3.11.2 Multiply the elapsed time (see 10.1.9 or 10.2.6)bythedesired correction factor (see 11.1).
34、12. Report12.1 Report the corrected Hall flow rate (FRH) as:FRH= t s/50g, where t is the flow time in seconds, to thenearest second.12.2 Report the method of measurement used: Method 1(static start to flow) or Method 2 (dynamic start to flow).13. Precision and Bias13.1 PrecisionPrecision for the sta
35、tic flow method hasbeen determined from an interlaboratory study performed byseven laboratories of Subcommittee B09.02413.1.1 Repeatability intervals, r, are listed in Table 1.InFIG. 2 StandTABLE 1 Precision of Flow Rate Measurements of MetalPowdersPowderApparentDensity(g/cm3)FlowRate .(s/50 g)Repea
36、tability(r ) Avg. 3Flows (s)Reproducibility(R ) Avg. 3Flows (s)Spherical bronze 5.04 12 0.1 0.8Iron #1 2.46 31 0.7 2.5Iron #2 3.03 26 1.0 2.1Iron (lubricated) 3.18 26 1.3 2.2Bronze premix(lubricated)3.31 31 1.7 2.6Brass(lubricated)3.61 42 4.1 8.7B213 11395% of flow rate determinations, on the basis
37、of test erroralone, duplicate tests in the same laboratory by the sameoperator on one homogeneous lot of powder will differ by nomore than the stated amount in seconds.13.1.2 Reproducibility intervals, R, are listed in Table 1. For95 % of comparative trials done in two different laboratories,and on
38、the basis of test error alone, single tests on the samehomogeneous lot of powder will differ by no more than thestated amount in seconds.13.1.3 The repeatability of the flow times using both thestatic and the dynamic flow methods has been determined fora sponge iron powder, a water atomized iron pow
39、der, and aspherical bronze powder. In addition, the methods have beencompared for a mixture of water atomized iron powder with2% Ni, 0.8% graphite, and 0.5% Acrawax C lubricant. Theresults of ten repetitions for each material are summarized inTable 2. The data were determined by members of the Metal
40、Powder Producers Association of the Metal Powder IndustriesFederation and are reproduced here with permission.13.1.4 Measurement UncertaintyThe precision of TestMethods B213 shall be considered by those performing the testwhen reporting Hall flow rate test results.13.2 BiasNo information can be pres
41、ented on the bias ofthe procedures in Test Methods B213 for measuring the Hallflow rate because no material having an accepted referencevalue is available.14. Keywords14.1 Hall; Carney; flow rate; metal powder flow; powderflowSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee B09 has identified the location of selected ch
42、anges to this standard since the last issue (B213 03)that may impact the use of this standard.(1) A statement on units has been added to the scope.(2) The flow rate definition in Section 3.2.1 has been changed.(3) A statement has been added in a new Section 5.4 toindicate that the Hall Flowmeter fun
43、nel is the preferred methodfor determining the flowability of metal powders and powdermixtures.(4) A new Section 5.5 has been added to indicate that if flowof a specific volume of powder is preferred, Test Method B855may be used for powders that flow readily through the HallFlowmeter funnel.(5) The
44、former NOTE 1 has been deleted and its contents havebeen included in a new section 6.2.(6) Section 7 on Sampling has been changed.(7) Section 10.1 “Static Flow Method” has been added inparentheses to the title of Method 1.(8) Section 10.1.5 “stopwatch” has been changed to “timingdevice”.(9) Section
45、10.2 - “Dynamic Flow Method” has been added toin parentheses to the title of Method 2.(10) Section 10.2.3 - “stopwatch” has been changed to “timingdevice”.(11) Section 12 has been changed to reflect the preferredmethod for reporting the results.(12) Section 13.1.3 has been added to include reference
46、 torepeatability data for flow measurements using the “Dynamic”test method.(13) Table 2 has been added to include repeatability data forboth the “Static” and “Dynamic” test methods.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item
47、mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical commit
48、tee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a mee
49、ting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or
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