1、Designation: B213 11B213 13Standard Test Methods forFlow Rate of Metal Powders Using the Hall FlowmeterFunnel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B213; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determinati
3、on of a flow rate, by the use of the Hall Flowmeter funnel of metal powders andpowder mixtures. It is suitable only for those powders that will flow unaided through the Hall Flowmeter funnel.1.2 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of
4、 the gram per cubiccentimeter (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the longstandinglong-standing industry practice, the values in inch-pound units are to beregarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for informationonly, and are not consi
5、dered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2.
6、 Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B215 Practices for Sampling Metal PowdersB243 Terminology of Powder MetallurgyB855 Test Method for Volumetric Flow Rate of Metal Powders Using the Arnold Meter and Hall Flowmeter FunnelB964 Test Methods for Flow Rate of Metal Powders Using the Carney Funnel3.
7、 Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of powder metallurgy terms can be found in Terminology B243.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 Hall flow rate (FRH), nthe time required for a metal powder sample of specified mass to flow through the orifice in aHall Flowmeter funnel accor
8、ding to a specified procedure.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A weighed mass (50.0 g) of metal powder is timed as it flows through the calibrated orifice of a Hall Flowmeter funnel.5. Significance and Use5.1 The rate and uniformity of die cavity filling are related to flow properties, which thus influe
9、nce production rates anduniformity of compacted parts.5.2 The ability of a powder to flow is a function of interparticle friction.As interparticle friction increases, flow is slowed. Finepowders may not flow. Some powders, often fine powders and lubricated powder mixtures, may not flow through the H
10、allFlowmeter funnel. Nevertheless, if a larger orifice is provided, such as in the Carney Flowmeter funnel of Test Method B964B964,a meaningful flow rate may be determined, providing specific information for certain applications.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on M
11、etal Powders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of B09.02 on BaseMetal Powders.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2011April 1, 2013. Published December 2011June 2013. Originally approved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 20032011 asB213 03.B213 11. DOI: 10.1520/B0213-
12、11.10.1520/B0213-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and
13、 is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only t
14、he current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.3 Test Method B213B213
15、, using the Hall Flowmeter funnel, is the preferred method for determining the flowability of metalpowders and powder mixtures. The Carney Flowmeter funnel of Method B964 should only be used when powder will not flowthrough the Hall Flowmeter funnel.5.4 Humidity and moisture content influence flow r
16、ate. Wet or moist powders may not flow.5.5 These test methods are based on flow of a specified mass of powder. If flow of a specific volume of powder is preferred,Test Method B855 may be used for powders that flow readily through the Hall Flowmeter funnel.5.6 This test method may be part of the purc
17、hase agreement between powder manufacturers and powder metallurgy (PM) partproducers, or it can be an internal quality control test by either the producer or the end user.6. Apparatus6.1 Powder Flowmeter Funnel3A flowmeter funnel (Fig. 1) having a calibrated orifice of 0.10 in. (2.54 mm) in diameter
18、.6.2 The dimensions shown for the flowmeter funnel, including the orifice, are not to be considered controlling factors.Calibration with emery, as specified in Section 9, determines the working flow rate of the funnel.6.3 Stand3A stand (Fig. 2) to support the powder flowmeter funnel.6.4 WorkbenchA l
19、evel, vibration free table or workbench to support the powder flowmeter stand.6.5 Timing DeviceA stopwatch or other suitable device capable of measuring to the nearest 0.1 s.6.6 Chinese Emery3An emery powder used to calibrate the flowmeter funnel.6.7 BalanceA balance readable to 0.01 g suitable for
20、weighing at least 50.0 g to the nearest 0.1 g.7. Sampling7.1 A test sample of powder sufficient to run the desired number of flow tests shall be obtained in accordance with PracticeB215.7.2 Individual test portions, each of approximately the required mass, shall be obtained from the test sample in a
21、ccordance withPractice B215.8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Clean the funnel with clean dry toweling paper.8.2 Clean the funnel orifice with a clean dry pipe cleaner.9. Calibration of Apparatus9.1 The manufacturer supplies the powder flowmeter funnel calibrated as follows:9.1.1 Heat an open glass jar
22、 of Chinese emery in a drying oven at a temperature of 102 to 107C 107 C (215 to 225F) 225F) for 1h.9.1.2 Cool the emery to room temperature in a dessicator.desiccator.9.1.3 Follow the procedure outlined in steps 10.1.1-10.1.8.9.1.4 Repeat steps 10.1.2-10.1.8 using the identical 50.0 g mass of emery
23、 for all the tests until 5 flow times, the extremes ofwhich shall not differ by more than 0.4 s, have been recorded.NOTE 1The flow rate of Chinese emery calibration powder is sensitive to moisture. Starting from the dried condition, it will absorb moisture fromthe ambient air as five (or more) flow
24、tests are performed. Flow times can vary dependent upon the humidity of the test area.9.1.5 The average of these five flow times is stamped on the bottom of the funnel.The correction factor for the unused flowmeterfunnel is 40.0 divided by this number.9.2 The flow rate of Chinese emery powder was es
25、tablished by an interlaboratory study conducted by Subcommittee B09.02in 1995.4 The value was 40.0. It represents the flow rate through the master flowmeter funnel that had been used in a previousinterlaboratory study with the former Turkish emery calibration powder, which is no longer available.9.3
26、 It is recommended that the flow rate be checked periodically, at least every six months, using the procedure outlined in steps9.1.1-9.1.5. If the flow rate has changed from that stamped on the instrument, the new correction factor will be 40.0 divided bythis new flow rate. Before adopting the new c
27、orrection factor, however, it is recommended that the cause of the change beinvestigated. If the flow rate has increased (faster flow), it is probable that repeated use has burnished the orifice and the newcorrection factor may be used. A decrease in flow rate (slower flow) may indicate a plating of
28、 soft powder upon the orifice. This3 The flowmeter funnel, stand, and Chinese emery are available from AcuPowderACuPowder International, LLC.4 Supporting data is available from ASTM Headquarters.B213 132should be removed carefully with the aid of a pipe cleaner and the calibration test rerun, the ne
29、w correction factor being calculatedif required. It is recommended that the use of a funnel be discontinued after the flow rate of the emery has increased such that thetime of flow is less than 37 s.10. Procedure10.1 Method 1Stationary Powder Start to Flow Measurement (Static Flow Method):10.1.1 Wei
30、gh out a 50.0 g mass of powder, as sampled, into a clean weighing dish.10.1.2 Block the discharge orifice at the bottom of the funnel with a dry finger.10.1.3 Carefully pour the 50.0 g sample of powder into the center of the flowmeter funnel without any tapping, vibration ormovement of the funnel.10
31、.1.4 Place the emptied weighing dish on the flowmeter stand directly under the funnel orifice.10.1.5 Simultaneously start the timing device and remove your finger from the discharge orifice.FIG. 1 Hall Flowmeter FunnelB213 13310.1.6 If the powder fails to start flowing, one light tap on the funnel r
32、im is permitted. Further tapping of the funnel, however,or poking or stirring of the powder in the funnel with a wire or any other implement is not permitted.10.1.7 Stop the timing device the instant the last of the powder exits the orifice.10.1.8 Record the elapsed time to the nearest 0.1 s.10.1.9
33、More than one flow may be run if desired. Use a fresh 50.0 g quantity of powder for each flow test. Average the flowtimes.10.2 Method 2Moving Powder Start to Flow Measurement (Dynamic Flow Method):10.2.1 Place an empty receptacle directly under the discharge orifice.10.2.2 Weigh out a 50.0 g mass of
34、 powder, as sampled, into a clean weighing dish.10.2.3 Pour the 50.0 g powder specimen into the center of the funnel and start the timing device the instant the powder exitsthe orifice.10.2.4 Stop the timing device the instant the last of the powder exits the orifice.10.2.5 Record the elapsed time t
35、o the nearest 0.1 s.10.2.6 More than one flow may be run if desired. Use a fresh 50.0 g quantity of powder for each flow test. Average the flowtimes.11. Calculation11.1 Calculate the correction factor by dividing 40.0 by either the flow rate stamped on the bottom of the funnel, or the newcalibration
36、 flow rate established in 9.3.11.2 Multiply the elapsed time (see 10.1.9 or 10.2.6) by the desired correction factor (see 11.1).12. Report12.1 Report the corrected Hall flow rate (FRH) as:FRH = t s/50g, s/50 g, where t is the flow time in seconds, to the nearest second.12.2 Report the method of meas
37、urement used: Method 1 (static start to flow) or Method 2 (dynamic start to flow).13. Precision and Bias13.1 PrecisionPrecision for the static flow method has been determined from an interlaboratory study performed by sevenlaboratories of Subcommittee B09.02B09.02.4FIG. 2 StandB213 13413.1.1 Repeata
38、bility intervals, r, are listed in Table 1. In95% of flow rate determinations, on the basis of test error alone, duplicate tests in the same laboratory by the same operator onone homogeneous lot of powder will differ by no more than the stated amount in seconds.13.1.2 Reproducibility intervals, R, ,
39、 are listed in Table 1. For 95 %95% of comparative trials done in two different laboratories,and on the basis of test error alone, single tests on the same homogeneous lot of powder will differ by no more than the statedamount in seconds.13.1.3 The repeatability of the flow times using both the stat
40、ic and the dynamic flow methods has been determined for a spongeiron powder, a water atomized iron powder, and a spherical bronze powder. In addition, the methods have been compared for amixture of water atomized iron powder with2% Ni, 0.8% graphite, and 0.5% Acrawax C lubricant. The results of ten
41、repetitions for each material are summarized in Table 2.The data were determined by members of the Metal Powder ProducersAssociation of the Metal Powder Industries Federation andare reproduced here with permission.13.1.4 Measurement UncertaintyThe precision of Test Methods B213B213 shall be consider
42、ed by those performing the testwhen reporting Hall flow rate test results.13.2 BiasNo information can be presented on the bias of the procedures in Test Methods B213B213 for measuring the Hallflow rate because no material having an accepted reference value is available.14. Keywords14.1 Hall; Carney;
43、 flow rate; metal powder flow; powder flowTABLE 1 Precision of Flow Rate Measurements of Metal PowdersPowderApparentDensity(g/cm3)FlowRate .Rate(s/50 g)Repeatability(r) Avg. 3Flows (s)Reproducibility(R) Avg. 3Flows (s)Spherical bronze 5.04 12 0.1 0.8Iron #1 2.46 31 0.7 2.5Iron #2 3.03 26 1.0 2.1Iron
44、 (lubricated) 3.18 26 1.3 2.2Bronze premix(lubricated)3.31 31 1.7 2.6Brass(lubricated)3.61 42 4.1 8.7B213 135SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee B09 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(B213 03B213 11) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved April
45、 1, 2013.)(1) A statement on units Clarification about the correction factor has been added to the scope.Section 9.1.5.(2) The flow rate definition in Section 3.2.1 has been changed.A value for the flow rate of the Chinese emery powder has beenadded to Section 9.2.(3) A statement has been added in a
46、 new Section 5.4 to indicate that the Hall Flowmeter funnel is the preferred method fordetermining the flowability of metal powders and powder mixtures.(4) A new Section 5.5 has been added to indicate that if flow of a specific volume of powder is preferred, Test Method B855 maybe used for powders t
47、hat flow readily through the Hall Flowmeter funnel.(5) The former NOTE 1 has been deleted and its contents have been included in a new section 6.2.(6) Section 7 on Sampling has been changed.(7) Section 10.1 “Static Flow Method” has been added in parentheses to the title of Method 1.(8) Section 10.1.
48、5 “stopwatch” has been changed to “timing device”.(9) Section 10.2 - “Dynamic Flow Method” has been added to in parentheses to the title of Method 2.(10) Section 10.2.3 - “stopwatch” has been changed to “timing device”.(11) Section 12 has been changed to reflect the preferred method for reporting th
49、e results.(12) Section 13.1.3 has been added to include reference to repeatability data for flow measurements using the “Dynamic” testmethod.(13) Table 2 has been added to include repeatability data for both the “Static” and “Dynamic” test methods.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, ar
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