1、Designation: B213 13B213 17Standard Test Methods forFlow Rate of Metal Powders Using the Hall FlowmeterFunnel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B213; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determ
3、ination of a flow rate, by the use of the Hall Flowmeter funnel of metal powders andpowder mixtures. It is suitable only for those powders that will flow unaided through the Hall Flowmeter funnel.1.2 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the u
4、se of the gram per cubiccentimetercentimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long-standing industry practice, the values in inch-pound units are to beregarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for informationonly, and are not co
5、nsidered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use
6、.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to T
7、rade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B215 Practices for Sampling Metal PowdersB243 Terminology of Powder MetallurgyB855 Test Method for Volumetric Flow Rate of Metal Powders Using the Arnold Meter and Hall Flowmeter FunnelB964 Test Methods for Flow Rate of Metal Powders Us
8、ing the Carney Funnel3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of powder metallurgy terms can be found in Terminology B243.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 Hall flow rate (FRH), nthe time required for a metal powder sample of specified mass to flow through the orifice in aHall
9、 Flowmeter funnel according to a specified procedure.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A weighed mass (50.0 g) of metal powder is timed as it flows through the calibrated orifice of a calibrated Hall Flowmeterfunnel.5. Significance and Use5.1 The rate and uniformity of die cavity filling are related to f
10、low properties, which thus influence production rates anduniformity of compacted parts.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on Metal Powders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of B09.02 on BaseMetal Powders.Current edition approved April 1, 2013A
11、pril 1, 2017. Published June 2013April 2017. Originally approved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 20112013 asB213 11.B213 13. DOI: 10.1520/B0213-13.10.1520/B0213-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
12、Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not
13、 be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end
14、 of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.2 The ability of a powder to flow is a function of interparticle friction.As interparticle friction increases, flow is slowed. Finepowders may not flow. Some powders,
15、often fine powders and lubricated powder mixtures, may not flow through the HallFlowmeter funnel. Nevertheless, if a larger orifice is provided, such as in the Carney Flowmeter funnel of Test Method B964, ameaningful flow rate may be determined, providing specific information for certain application
16、s.5.3 Test Method B213, using the Hall Flowmeter funnel, is the preferred method for determining the flowability of metalpowders and powder mixtures. The Carney Flowmeter funnel of Method B964 should only be used when powder will not flowthrough the Hall Flowmeter funnel.5.4 Humidity and moisture co
17、ntent influence flow rate. Wet or moist powders may not flow.5.5 These test methods are based on flow of a specified mass of powder. If flow of a specific volume of powder is preferred,Test Method B855 may be used for powders that flow readily through the Hall Flowmeter funnel.5.6 This test method m
18、ay be part of the purchase agreement between powder manufacturers and powder metallurgy (PM) partproducers, or it can be an internal quality control test by either the producer or the end user.6. Apparatus6.1 Powder Flowmeter Funnel3A calibrated flowmeter funnel (Fig. 1) having a calibratednominal o
19、rifice of 0.10 in. (2.54mm) in diameter.6.2 The dimensions shown for the flowmeter funnel, including the orifice, are not to be considered controlling factors.Calibration with emery, as specified in Section 9, determines the working flow rate of the funnel.6.3 Stand3A stand (Fig. 2) to support the p
20、owder flowmeter funnel.6.4 WorkbenchA level, vibration free table or workbench to support the powder flowmeter stand.6.5 Timing DeviceA stopwatch or other suitable device capable of measuring to the nearest 0.1 s.6.6 Chinese Emery3An emery powder used to calibrate the flowmeter funnel.6.7 BalanceA b
21、alance readable to 0.01 g suitable for weighing at least 50.0 g to the nearest 0.1 g.7. Sampling7.1 A test sample of powder sufficient to run the desired number of flow tests shall be obtained in accordance with PracticeB215.7.2 Individual test portions, each of approximately the required mass, shal
22、l be obtained from the test sample in accordance withPractice B215.8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Clean the funnel with clean dry toweling paper.8.2 Clean the funnel orifice with a clean dry pipe cleaner.9. Calibration of Apparatus9.1 The manufacturer supplies the powder flowmeter funnel calibrated
23、as follows:9.1.1 Heat an open glass jar of Chinese emery in a drying oven at a temperature of 102 to 107 C (215 to 225 F) for 1h.9.1.2 Cool the emery to room temperature in a desiccator.9.1.3 Follow the procedure outlined in steps 10.1.1 10.1.8.9.1.4 Repeat steps 10.1.2 10.1.8 using the identical 50
24、.0 g mass of emery for all the tests until 5 flow times, the extremes ofwhich shall not differ by more than 0.4 s, have been recorded.NOTE 1The flow rate of Chinese emery calibration powder is sensitive to moisture. Starting from the dried condition, it will absorb moisture fromthe ambient air as fi
25、ve (or more) flow tests are performed. Flow times can vary dependent upon the humidity of the test area.9.1.5 The average of these five flow times is stamped on the bottom of the funnel.The correction factor for the unused flowmeterfunnel is 40.0 divided by this number.9.2 The flow rate of Chinese e
26、mery powder was established by an interlaboratory study conducted by Subcommittee B09.02in 1995.4 The value was 40.0. It represents the flow rate through the master flowmeter funnel that had been used in a previousinterlaboratory study with the former Turkish emery calibration powder, which is no lo
27、nger available.9.3 It is recommended that the flow rate be checked periodically, at least every six months, using the procedure outlined in steps9.1.1 9.1.5. If the flow rate has changed from that stamped on the instrument, the new correction factor will be 40.0 divided by3 The flowmeter funnel, sta
28、nd, and Chinese emery are available from ACuPowder International, LLC.4 Supporting data is available from ASTM Headquarters.B213 172this new flow rate. Before adopting the new correction factor, however, it is recommended that the cause of the change beinvestigated. If the flow rate has increased (f
29、aster flow), it is probable that repeated use has burnished the orifice and the newcorrection factor may be used. A decrease in flow rate (slower flow) may indicate a plating of soft powder upon the orifice. Thisshould be removed carefully with the aid of a pipe cleaner and the calibration test reru
30、n, the new correction factor being calculatedif required. It is recommended that the use of a funnel be discontinued after the flow rate of the emery has increased such that thetime of flow is less than 37 s.10. Procedure10.1 Method 1Stationary Powder Start to Flow Measurement (Static Flow Method):1
31、0.1.1 Weigh out a 50.0 g mass of powder, as sampled, into a clean weighing dish.10.1.2 Block the discharge orifice at the bottom of the funnel with a dry finger.10.1.3 Carefully pour the 50.0 g sample of powder into the center of the flowmeter funnel without any tapping, vibration ormovement of the
32、funnel.FIG. 1 Hall Flowmeter FunnelB213 17310.1.4 Place the emptied weighing dish on the flowmeter stand directly under the funnel orifice.10.1.5 Simultaneously start the timing device and remove your finger from the discharge orifice.10.1.6 If the powder fails to start flowing, one light tap on the
33、 funnel rim is permitted. Further tapping of the funnel, however,or poking or stirring of the powder in the funnel with a wire or any other implement is not permitted.10.1.7 Stop the timing device the instant the last of the powder exits the orifice.10.1.8 Record the elapsed time to the nearest 0.1
34、s.10.1.9 More than one flow may be run if desired. Use a fresh 50.0 g quantity of powder for each flow test. Average the flowtimes.10.2 Method 2Moving Powder Start to Flow Measurement (Dynamic Flow Method):10.2.1 Place an empty receptacle directly under the discharge orifice.10.2.2 Weigh out a 50.0
35、g mass of powder, as sampled, into a clean weighing dish.10.2.3 Pour the 50.0 g powder specimen into the center of the funnel and start the timing device the instant the powder exitsthe orifice.10.2.4 Stop the timing device the instant the last of the powder exits the orifice.10.2.5 Record the elaps
36、ed time to the nearest 0.1 s.10.2.6 More than one flow may be run if desired. Use a fresh 50.0 g quantity of powder for each flow test. Average the flowtimes.11. Calculation11.1 Calculate the correction factor by dividing 40.0 by either the flow rate stamped on the bottom of the funnel, or the newca
37、libration flow rate established in 9.3.11.2 Multiply the elapsed time (see 10.1.9 or 10.2.6) by the desired correction factor (see 11.1).12. Report12.1 Report the corrected Hall flow rate (FRH) as:FRH = t s/50 g, where t is the flow time in seconds, to the nearest second.12.2 Report the method of me
38、asurement used: Method 1 (static start to flow) or Method 2 (dynamic start to flow).FIG. 2 StandB213 17413. Precision and Bias13.1 PrecisionPrecision for the static flow method has been determined from an interlaboratory study performed by sevenlaboratories of Subcommittee B09.02.413.1.1 Repeatabili
39、ty intervals, limit values, r, are listed in Table 1. In95% of flow rate determinations, on the basis of test error alone, duplicate tests in the same laboratory by the same operator onone homogeneous lot of powder will differ by no more than the stated amount in seconds.13.1.2 Reproducibility inter
40、vals, limit values, R, are listed in Table 1. For 95% of comparative trials done in two differentlaboratories, and on the basis of test error alone, single tests on the same homogeneous lot of powder will differ by no more thanthe stated amount in seconds.13.1.3 The repeatability of the flow times u
41、sing both the static and the dynamic flow methods has been determined for a spongeiron powder, a water atomized iron powder, and a spherical bronze powder. In addition, the methods have been compared for amixture of water atomized iron powder with2% Ni, 0.8% graphite, and 0.5% Acrawax C lubricant. T
42、he results of ten repetitions for each material are summarized in Table 2.The data were determined by members of the Metal Powder ProducersAssociation of the Metal Powder Industries Federation andare reproduced here with permission.13.1.4 Measurement UncertaintyThe precision of Test Methods B213 sha
43、ll be considered by those performing the test whenreporting Hall flow rate test results.13.2 BiasNo information can be presented on the bias of the procedures in Test Methods B213 for measuring the Hall flowrate because no material having an accepted reference value is available.14. Keywords14.1 Hal
44、l; Carney; flow rate; metal powder flow; powder flowTABLE 1 Precision of Flow Rate Measurements of Metal PowdersPowderApparentDensity(g/cm3)FlowRate(s/50 g)RepeatabilityLimit(r) Avg. 3Flows (s)ReproducibilityLimit(R) Avg. 3Flows (s)Spherical bronze 5.04 12 0.1 0.8Iron #1 2.46 31 0.7 2.5Iron #2 3.03
45、26 1.0 2.1Iron (lubricated) 3.18 26 1.3 2.2Bronze premix(lubricated)3.31 31 1.7 2.6Brass(lubricated)3.61 42 4.1 8.7B213 175SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee B09 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(B213 11B213 13) that may impact the use of this standard. (
46、Approved April 1, 2013.)2017.)(1) Clarification aboutSections 4.1 the correctionand 6.1 factor has have been added to Section 9.1.5.changed to reflect that it isa calibrated flowmeter funnel rather than a calibrated orifice that is used.(2) A value for the flow rate of the Chinese emery powder has b
47、een added to “Repeatability intervals” has been changed to“Repeatability limit values” in Section 13.1.19.2(3) “Reproducibility intervals” has been changed to “Reproducibility limit values” in Section 13.1.2.(4) The word “limit” has been added to the columns for Repeatability and Reproducibility in
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