ASTM B252-1992(2004) Standard Guide for Preparation of Zinc Alloy Die Castings for Electroplating and Conversion Coatings《电镀层和转化涂层用锌合金压模铸件的制备》.pdf

1、Designation: B 252 92 (Reapproved 2004)Endorsed by AmericanElectroplaters SocietyEndorsed by NationalAssociation of Metal FinishersStandard Guide forPreparation of Zinc Alloy Die Castings for Electroplatingand Conversion Coatings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B 252; the number

2、immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1

3、 This guide is intended as an aid in establishing andmaintaining a procedure for preparing zinc alloy die castingsfor electroplating and conversion coatings. It is primarilyintended for the preparation of Alloys UNS Z33521 (AG-40A)and UNS Z35530 (AC-41A) (Specification B 86) for electro-plating with

4、 copper, nickel, and chromium (SpecificationB 456).1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of

5、regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B 6 Specification for ZincB 86 Specification for Zinc and Zinc-Aluminum (ZA) AlloyFoundry and Die CastingsB 456 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Cop-per Plus Nickel Plus Chromium and Nickel Plus Chro-mium2.2

6、 Military Standard:MIL-S-13165C Shot Peening of Metal Parts33. Summary of Practice3.1 The normal sequence of preparation steps is as follows:(1) smoothing of parting lines; (2) smoothing of rough ordefective surfaces, if necessary; (3) buffing, if necessary; (4)precleaning and rinsing; (5) alkaline

7、electrocleaning and rins-ing; (6) acid dipping and rinsing; and (7) copper striking.4. Significance and Use4.1 The performance and quality of electroplated orconversion-coated zinc alloy die casting depends upon thesurface cleanliness and condition. Various metals are electro-plated or conversion co

8、atings are established on zinc alloys fordecorative or engineering finish. The common electroplatesapplied are usually copper, nickel, and chromium for decora-tive and functional uses. The common conversion coatingsapplied are phosphates, chromates, and anodized coatings.Electroplated zinc die casti

9、ngs and conversion coatings on zincdie castings are used in many industries such as the marine,automotive, plumbing fixtures, and appliance industries.5. Composition and Characteristics of Zinc Alloy DieCastings5.1 The alloys used in the manufacture of zinc alloy diecastings are made with special hi

10、gh-grade zinc conforming toSpecification B 6, alloyed with about 4 % of aluminum, 0.04 %of magnesium, and either 0.25 (max) or 1.0 % copper (AlloysUNS Z33521 and UNS Z35530). Impurities such as lead,cadmium, tin, and iron are held at or below the specified lowlevels in Specification B 86.5.2 Die cas

11、tings made of Alloys UNS 233521 and UNS235530 are usually dense and fine grained but do not alwayshave smooth surfaces. Defects sometimes encountered in thesurface layers include cracks, crevices (cold shut), skin blisters,and hemispherical pores. Burrs are usually left at parting lineswhere fins an

12、d gates are removed by die trimming.5.3 Cast surfaces are frequently contaminated with partingcompounds applied at frequent intervals to die surfaces tofacilitate the ejection of the castings and with water-solubleoils added to quenching tanks for corrosion inhibition.5.4 Zinc alloy die castings are

13、 chemically active and aredissolved or etched during prolonged contact with concentratedsolutions of many mineral or organic acids or strongly alkalinesolutions with a pH greater than 10. Immersion periods in suchsolutions should be of short duration to avoid roughening.1This guide is under the juri

14、sdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on Metallic andInorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.02 on PreTreatment.Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published May 2004. Originallyapproved in 1951. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as B 252 92 (1998).2For referenced A

15、STM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Ro

16、bbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Smoothing of Parting Lines6.1 Parting lines are smoothed by (1) mechanical polishingwith abrasive-coated wheels or belts, (2) tum

17、bling with abra-sive media, or (3) vibration with abrasives.6.2 Abrasives with a size range of 220 to 300 mesh glued oncloth wheels or continuous cloth belts that run over flexibleback-up wheels are usually used for mechanical polishing ofparting lines. Wheel diameters range from 5 to 40 cm,dependin

18、g on the complexity of the shape. Wheels are rotatedwith a minimum peripheral speed of 2500 m/min. A peripheralspeed of 2100 m/min should not be exceeded with belts. Lowerspeeds of the order of 1100 to 1400 m/min are fairly commonfor small die castings polished on small diameter wheels.Abrasive belt

19、s should not be used dry but should be lubricatedwith a small amount of grease. Die castings usually are handledindividually to polish parting lines smooth. This may require30 s or less for small castings, and sometimes 5 or 6 min forlarger ones.6.3 Tumbling in horizontal barrels, loaded with abrasi

20、vestones such as limestone, preformed and fused aluminumoxide, ceramic shapes or abrasive-loaded plastic chips, and alubricant such as soap or detergent solution, removes parting-line burrs from die castings in 4 to 12 h. The barrels may berotated at 4 r/min. Higher speeds reduce the time cycles and

21、costs, but also increase the danger of impingement of partsagainst zinc surfaces. A hexagonal barrel with a capacity of 0.5m3can be loaded with 450 kg of abrasive stones or chips and90 kg of zinc die castings.6.4 Vibration in a bed of resin-bonded abrasive chipsremoves parting-line burrs, typically

22、in 1 to 4 h. Frequenciesrange from 700 to 2100 cpm and amplitudes from 0.8 to 6.4mm. A vibrating tub with a capacity of 0.5 m3can be loadedwith about 900 kg of abrasive media and 180 kg of zinc diecastings. A dilute solution of detergent or soap is continuouslymetered through the bed of media and pa

23、rts to keep theirsurfaces clean and maximize surface smoothing. Parting linesmay be mechanically polished before vibratory processingwhen a large amount of flash must be removed.7. Smoothing of Rough or Defective Surfaces7.1 Rough or defective surfaces are smoothed by (1) me-chanical polishing on ro

24、tating wheels or continuous, abrasive-coated belts, (2) spin finishing, (3) vibratory finishing, or (4)controlled shot peening. Fissures, skin blisters, and otherdefects with a depth of 25 to 50 m can usually be erased withthese metal-removal methods. Deeper defects are infrequent.7.2 Mechanical pol

25、ishing for smoothing rough or defectivesurfaces is similar to mechanical polishing for smoothingparting line areas (see 6.2). Parting lines and rough or defectivesurfaces are frequently polished by the same operator. Ifpolishing is mechanized to advance die castings attached to aconveyor through suc

26、cessive belts or wheels to polish differentareas, a manual operation may be required later to complete thesmoothing of parting lines if they are too curved. The finishranges from 0.2 to 0.6 m, depending on the abrasive and thepressure.7.3 Smoothing by spinning in abrasives is accomplished byattachin

27、g die castings to spindles or drums rotated with aperipheral speed of about 600 m/min in a slurry of abrasivematerial such as ground corn cobs or nut shells mixed with asmall amount of grease or other lubricant. Times usually rangefrom 5 to 10 min and the finish from 0.1 to 0.2 m, dependingon the ab

28、rasive.7.4 Vibrating tubs loaded with plastic chips (such as poly-urethane) impregnated with an abrasive (such as aluminumoxide) smooth the surfaces of die castings in 2 to 4 h whenfrequencies are in the range of 1700 to 2100 cpm andamplitudes are adjusted to 3.2 to 6.4 mm. Vibratory machinesproduce

29、 a finish of 0.15 to 0.25 m, with a cutting rate of 5m/h. A smoother finish of 0.075 to 0.125 m can be obtainedwith plastic media containing finer abrasive, which removesmetal at a slower rate. Media and zinc parts are usually loadedwith a ratio of 5:1 or 6:1. Surface gouges may occur with asmaller

30、ratio.7.5 Controlled shot peening will plastically deform anddensify the casting surface and near-surface layers. Shotpeening can seal surface pores, which can create problems inelectroplating and conversion coating. The process is describedin MIL-S-13165C. The process is also effective in removingf

31、ins, burrs, and flash from the surface. The casting configura-tion, including the smallest size radii and wall thickness, aswell as the required finish and contamination limits, willdictate the proper selection of peening media, shot size,intensity, and coverage, as is detailed in MIL-S-13165C.8. Bu

32、ffing8.1 Die castings are buffed to produce a mirror-like finish,suitable for plating with conventional solutions, when goodleveling plating solutions are not available. Buffing can beomitted, however, for die castings which have good surfaces orwhich can be uniformly polished to a finish of 0.25 m,

33、 ifsolutions with good leveling power are used for plating copperand nickel.8.2 Die castings are buffed on cloth wheels rotated at aperipheral speed not exceeding 2150 m/min. Slower speeds, ofthe order of 1100 to 1600 m/min, are used for small diecastings. Buffing compounds should be made with a bin

34、der thatis readily emulsified or saponified during alkaline cleaning.The abrasive may be tripoli (amorphous silica) or lime, mixedwith about 25 % of tallow or other lubricants. Compoundssuspended in a liquid are preferred for automatic buffingmachines that advance die castings through a succession o

35、fbuffs of varying diameter and width, which individuallysmooth different surface areas. Buffs are usually made of clothwith a thread count of 34 to 37/cm. A finish of 0.025 to 0.05 mcan be produced by buffing. The smoothing rate is influencedby the temperature of the metal surface (faster at approxi

36、mately150C than at lower temperatures).8.3 After buffing, surfaces with impacted buffing compoundcan be improved by passing them over a dry wheel to removebuffing compound. This will reduce the demand placed on theprecleaning solution.9. Precleaning and Rinsing9.1 It is strongly recommended that the

37、 preliminary removalof most of the buffing compound and other soil in a precleaningoperation be done as soon as possible after buffing andB 252 92 (2004)2polishing. Most buffing compounds become substantially moredifficult to remove after aging several days.9.2 There are several methods by which soi

38、ls can beremoved from zinc die castings prior to final alkaline electro-cleaning. Generally speaking, these fall into three main classes:solvent degreasing, emulsion cleaning, and cleaning withaqueous base detergents.9.2.1 Solvent DegreasingBefore considering the use ofsolvent degreasing, federal an

39、d state safety and environmentallaws and regulations should be consulted. Many of the com-monly used solvents are now being banned from use. Exposureto their vapors (VOC) is being strictly regulated for health,safety, and environmental reasons. Current safe exposure levelsfor various solvents should

40、 be obtained before use. Coldsolvents, such as mineral spirits, methylene chloride, trichlo-roethylene, perchloroethylene and trichloroethane, are usedwith brushing to loosen packed buffing compound, but thismethod usually is not practical for mass production conditions.Simple dipping in cold solven

41、t is often ineffective. Vapordegreasing4with trichloroethylene or perchloroethylene iswidely practiced. Often the buffed die castings are sprayedwith, or immersed in, hot solvent for mechanical removal ofheavy soil deposits. This is followed by condensation of hot,clean solvent vapors on the work; t

42、his removes the last tracesof grease and compound. The method is very effective,provided adequate measures are taken to remove the very fineabrasive and metallic particles from the work. Trichloroethyl-ene and perchloroethylene are nonflammable as used in vapordegreasing and still must be used in sy

43、stems designed toprotect personnel from inhalation of vapors. Suppliers ofsolvents should be consulted as to the safety of a giveninstallation.9.2.1.1 All federal, state, and local regulations for thedisposal of solvents should be followed.9.2.2 Emulsion Cleaning:9.2.2.1 Impacted buffing compound ma

44、y be loosened, and tosome extent removed, by immersion in various hydrocarbon-water emulsions. These emulsions are available in severalforms, including unstable emulsions (diphase cleaners), inverttype emulsions, mixtures of emulsions and alkaline cleaners,and stable emulsions. Such emulsion cleaner

45、s usually have asuitable hydrocarbon base such as kerosene or a higherflashpoint solvent to which is added emulsifiers, soaps, andinhibitors to prevent etching of the die castings. The pH of theemulsion cleaner should be kept between 7 and 10 to avoiddamage to the castings.9.2.2.2 These emulsions no

46、rmally are used hot, about 80C,as a soak, sometimes with agitation, for about 2 to 5 min. Awarm water spray rinse should follow the emulsion soakcleaning. Buffing compound not removed in the emulsion soakis sufficiently softened so that it is easily removed in analkaline spray wash operation that no

47、rmally follows.9.2.2.3 Emulsion cleaning is an effective method for remov-ing buffing compound. Its principal disadvantage is the dangerof carryover of hydrocarbon solvent into plating baths becauseof incomplete rinsing. For this reason, it is very important thatproper alkaline cleaning and rinsing

48、follow to ensure solventremoval from blind holes, defects in rack coatings, andrecesses.9.2.2.4 All federal, state, and local regulations for the useand disposal of solvents should be followed.9.2.3 Aqueous Base DetergentsIn recent years, hot mix-tures of emulsifiers and surfactants (wetting agents)

49、, some-times combined with mild alkaline phosphates or borates, areused for soak cleaning to soften and remove buffing compound.Combining soak cleaning with ultrasonics is particularly effec-tive on impacted buffing compound. Such detergent soaksshould be followed by spray cleaning with an alkaline cleaner.If a spray cleaning step is not needed, then the soak cleaningstep should be followed by a spray rinse with warm waterbefore electrocleaning. Sometimes conventional alkaline soakcleaners are used for precleaning die castings with little or nobuffing compound on them. T