1、Designation: B457 67 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Test Method forMeasurement of Impedance of Anodic Coatings onAluminum1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B457; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes the conditions and equipmentfor measuring the impedance of anodic coatings on aluminum.
3、Such measurements have been used to evaluate the quality ofseal of an anodic coating. The test method does not prescribethe procedure for producing the anodic coating, nor thepostanodizing treatment usually described as “sealing.”1.2 This test method is applicable to the rapid, nondestruc-tive testi
4、ng of anodic coatings. The interpretation of results andcorrelation of data with service experience and other tests arenot within the scope of this test method.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standa
5、rd does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Nature of Test2.1 Impedance
6、 is an electrical characteristic described as thetotal opposition of all circuit elements to the flow of alternatingcurrent. Inductive effects of anodic coatings are negligible andthe impedance is presumed to be made up of resistance andcapacitive reactance according to the following relationships:Z
7、 5 =R21Xc2(1)andXc5 1/2 fC (2)where:Z = impedance,R = resistance,Xc= capacitive reactance,f = frequency, andC = capacitance.2.2 Both resistance and capacitance are associated with amaterial constant and a geometric factor:R 2 r l/A! (3)where:R = resistance,r = specific resistance,l = length of condu
8、ctor, andA = area of cross section of conductor.C 5 eA/l! (4)where:C = capacitance,e = dielectric constant,A = area of opposing plates of capacitor, andl = distance between plates.2.3 For measuring impedance of anodic coatings, the mate-rial constants are partly associated with the anodic coating an
9、dpartly with the electrolyte employed in the test cell. Forsimplification these constants are assumed not to vary. Thevariations in measured impedance then depend directly ongeometric factors.23. Apparatus3.1 Impedance BridgesCommercially available a-c im-pedance bridges with the following character
10、istics are satisfac-tory:33.1.1 Range1 F (1000 nF) to 0.0001 F (0.1 nF) fullscale with a dissipation factor of 0 to 2.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee B08 on Metallicand Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.07 onConversion Coatings.Curre
11、nt edition approved May 1, 2013. Published May 2013. Originallyapproved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as B457 67 (2008)1.DOI: 10.1520/B0457-67R13.2The Alcoa Impedance Test for Anodic Coatings (AZTAC) evaluates a 0.129-cm2(0.02-in.2) test area and expresses impedance in kilohms. Ins
12、tructions areavailable fromAlcoa Process Development Laboratories, P.O. Box 2970, Pittsburgh,PA 15230.3The Z-Scope, formerly manufactured by Twin City Testing Corp., Tonawanda,NY was designed to measure the impedance of anodic coatings on aluminum.AZTAC values (the impedance of a 0.129-cm2(0.02-in.2
13、) test area) can be readdirectly in kilohms with this instrument.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.2 Frequency1000 Hz.3.1.3 Accuracy1%.3.1.4 VoltageAdjustable so as to be not greater than 0.5 Vas applied to the test
14、specimen.3.2 Cell (Fig. 1) for containing the electrolyte during test. Itmay be constructed from the following components:43.2.1 Glass Tube, 9 mm (0.35 in.) in outside diameter by 9cm (3.54 in.).3.2.2 Rubber Gasket or Seal.53.2.3 Rubber StopperAny convenient size with a hole incenter to accommodate
15、the glass tube.3.2.4 Platinum or Type 300 Stainless Steel CounterElectrode, 9 cm (3.54 in.) long by 0.75 to 1.0 mm (0.030 to0.040 in.) diameter wire.3.3 Wire Leads, two, insulated, approximately 1 m (40 in.)long complete with C-clamps or alligator clips shall be used formaking connections to the tes
16、t specimen and cell electrode.3.4 Support Strand, complete with a utility clamp to holdthe electrolytic test cell.3.5 Glass or Stainless Steel Tank containing pure boilingwater is required for conditioning the test specimen.3.6 Container for Cell StandardizationA 150 to 500-mLType 300 stainless stee
17、l beaker or standard 1-in.2test cell6maybe used.4. Electrolyte4.1 The electrolyte shall be a 312 % solution of sodiumchloride prepared by dissolving 36 g of the salt in 1 L ofdistilled or deionized water.5. Test Specimen5.1 The area to be tested should be sufficiently large toaccommodate the test ce
18、ll, sufficiently flat to prevent leakageof the solution from the probe, and free from mechanicaldefects such as scratches. After an anodic coating has beensealed, moisture is lost from the coating thus producing anincrease in impedance. The rate at which moisture is lostincreases as the relative hum
19、idity decreases; therefore, therelative humidity of the testing environment should be con-trolled and never below 25 %. Specimens should be testedwithin 1 h after the anodic coating has been sealed. If thiscannot be done or if the part has been subjected to an elevatedtemperature drying treatment, t
20、he test area should be condi-tioned as follows:5.1.1 Wipe the test area with acetone, methylethylketone,trichloroethylene, or similar solvent.5.1.2 Immerse the test area in pure boiling water for 30 s.5.1.3 Rinse in cold water.5.1.4 Blot dry and test without further delay.6. Procedure6.1 Penetrate t
21、he anodic coating in a small area with a sharpinstrument and connect the lead from the low-impedanceterminal of the bridge to the exposed aluminum substrate.6.2 Connect the other lead from the bridge to the counterelectrode of the test cell. Be certain the lead wires are nottwisted around each other
22、. Turn on the bridge and allow it towarm up.6.3 Place the test cell on the area to be tested and applyenough pressure, 490 to 1230 MPa (71 to 178 psi) to preventleakage of the electrolyte (the cell is spring-loaded to ensuresufficient and constant pressure). Make certain the bottom ofthe gasket on t
23、he test cell is level with the test surface.6.4 Fill the test cell at least half full with electrolyte andcommence a 2-min soak period. The counter electrode shouldnot contact the test specimen.6.5 Turn on and obtain a preliminary “balance” of the bridgein accordance with the manufacturers instructi
24、ons (not neces-sary if a direct-reading instrument is used).6.6 After the electrolyte has been in contact with the testsurface for a period of 2 min, obtain a final balance of the4Another test cell satisfactory for use with this method is the one used with theKocour Electronic Thickness Tester Model
25、 995 available from Kocour Co., 4800 S.St. Louis Ave., Chicago, IL.5Type A seal available from Kocour Co. or Twin City Testing Corp., 2440Franklin Ave., St. Paul, MN, has been found satisfactory.6Available from Twin City Testing Corp.FIG. 1 Diagram of Test Cell ConstructionFIG. 2 Diagram of Test Set
26、-UpB457 67 (2013)2bridge and record the dissipation factor (tan ). Next, recordthe capacitance (in nanofarads) as indicated by either thebalancing series component (CS) or the balancing parallelcomponent (CP).6.7 Calculate the impedance, Z, in kilohms, as follows:7Z 5 159/Cscos (5)Cs5 Cp11 tan !2#6.
27、8 Different locations should be measured until at least twovalues are within 10 %. These are then averaged and multipliedby the correlation factor (See Section 7).7. Cell Standardization7.1 Impedance is inversely proportional to the test area. Theapparatus described herein tests an area of 0.129 cm2
28、(0.02in.2). Use of this relatively small test area facilitates themeasurement of small parts and curved surfaces. It may bedesirable to modify this apparatus so that larger areas can bemeasured. Because this area may vary owing to variations incell gasket size and wear during use, the cell should be
29、standardized daily.7.2 Cell standardization is accomplished by measuring theimpedance on a 6.45-cm2(1-in.2) surface and comparing thismeasurement with results obtained with the cell. The 6.45-cm2(1-in.2) test surface must be free from surface scratches. Therequired area may be obtained by appropriat
30、ely masking alarger anodized specimen using wax of lacquer. Several appli-cations of the masking material will ensure against uncoatedareas, especially at edges. Standard 1-in.2test cells are avail-able and may be used as an alternative way of arriving at a1-in.2area. If this type cell is used beake
31、r immersion is notrequired.7.3 Immerse the specimen with the 6.45-cm2(1-in.2) area ofexposed anodic coating in a stainless steel beaker containingthe 312 % sodium chloride electrolyte. Connect one lead fromthe impedance bridge to the beaker, the other to an area ofexposed aluminum on the test specim
32、en.7.4 Measure the impedance as outlined in Section 6, andrecord as A.7.5 Using the test cell, make at least two impedancemeasurements and average on this same area of the specimenused for standardization. Record this as B. If the two measure-ments are not within 10 %, an additional measurement shou
33、ldbe made and the two values within 10 % averaged.7.6 Obtain the correction factor as follows:Correction factor 5 50A/B (6)8. Temperature Correction8.1 Impedance decreases with increasing temperature. Ifmeasurements are made at widely varying temperatures, theyshould be adjusted to a constant, that
34、is, 25C (77F).Example:Z77 F5 ZT/1 2 0.011T 2 77!# (7)where:ZT= impedance value recorded at ambient,T = ambient temperature, F, andZ77F= corrected reading.9. Interpretation of Results9.1 The relationship between impedance value and qualityof the anodic coating shall be as agreed by the manufactureran
35、d the purchaser. A minimum acceptable value can beestablished for any anodic coating thickness being used.Generally, higher values should be obtained with thickeranodic coatings. However, an increase in coating thicknessdoes not compensate for a poor seal. Low values will beobtained regardless of co
36、ating thickness when the quality ofseal is poor.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,
37、 and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for rev
38、ision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you
39、 shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be
40、obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).7Direct-reading instruments, such as the Z-Scope, are available, and the use ofsuch equipment obviates mathematical computations (see 3.1).B457 67 (2013)3
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