1、Designation: C1026 10C1026 13Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Resistance of Ceramic and Glass Tile toFreeze-Thaw Cycling1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1026; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes the procedures and equipment required to test either glazed or unglazed ceram
3、ic tile or glass tilesfor resistance to repeated cycles of freezing and thawing. Ceramic tile Tiles of any size or shape may be tested by this test method.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This st
4、andard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 A
5、STM Standards:C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products2E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques3. Summary of Test Method3.1 A designated test-load test load of tile specimens is saturated with water, and placed in a freezer with thermocouples(ther
6、mometer) inserted. water prior to being placed face-up in a metal water-filled container inside a freezer. The water level isadjusted such that the tile specimens are partially submerged. A thermocouple is inserted into the bottom of the metal containersuch that the water surrounding the thermocoupl
7、e is the last location to freeze and thaw. Freezing is followed by a thawing cyclewith the specimens immersed in water. using water that flows over the test load. The number of tile damaged after freezing andthawing for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 . . . 150 cycles is determined by visual examination.freeze-th
8、aw cycles is recorded and after 300cycles, the test load is visually examined for damage and checked for total weight loss.4. Significance and Use4.1 The test for resistance to freezing and thawing functions as a guide to the selection of ceramic tile and glass tiles suitablefor outdoor service in g
9、eographic areas subjected to freezing. It can serve as a test method to verify compliance with specificationsfor ceramic tile, and and glass tiles, and provides a control test for determining the uniformity freeze/thaw resistance of tiletilesbeing manufactured for exterior installations.5. Apparatus
10、5.1 Freezing Chamber. The freezing chamber for this test method may be ofany of any type provided it has the capacity to coolthe center of the test load to 0F (-18C)27 6 12 F (-3 6 14 C) within a period of 63 to 86 h. By adjusting the mass of the testload, freezers with various freezing rates may an
11、y freezer can be used in this test as long as the 6-a 3- to 8-h6-h period to reach0F (-18C)27 6 12 F (-3 6 14 C) is maintained.achieved. See Figs. 1 and 2.5.2 Freezing Container. A freezing container of such design and shape that it fits inside the freezing chamber and will allowthe test specimens t
12、o be laid flat on a tile support rack at the bottom of the container. The freezing container may be of anyconvenient size or shape (a stainless steel sink works well). It must have a low point in which the thermocouple can be securely1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C21
13、on Ceramic Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C21.06on Ceramic Tile.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2010March 1, 2013. Published December 2010April 2013. Originally published in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 20092010as C1026 87C1026 10.(2009).
14、DOI: 10.1520/C1026-10.10.1520/C1026-13.2 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adeq
15、uately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohoc
16、ken, PA 19428-2959. United States1located such that the water around the thermocouple freezes last (typically near the bottom center of the container). The water levelinside the container is maintained throughout the test by adjusting the height of an overflow drain. See Fig. 3.5.3 Tile Support Rack
17、. A rack capable of supporting the test specimens a minimum of 14 in. (6 mm) above the bottom of thefreezing container in a consistent, level manner. It should be rustproof, unaffected by freeze/thaw cycling and with sufficientopenings that the thawing water passes easily over and around the frozen
18、tile specimens during the thawing cycle. See Fig. 4.FIG. 1 Freezing Chamber, Front ViewC1026 1325.4 Water Reservoir. A reservoir of sufficient volume, in which water is maintained at a temperature of 60 6 20F (16 6 11C)and used to raise the temperature of the test load to 40 6 12 F (5 6 14 C) during
19、 the thawing cycle. See Fig. 5.FIG. 2 Freezing Chamber, Top ViewIncludes Inlet Hose from Water Pump and Control Box Housing the Temperature Controller and Cycle CounterFIG. 3 Freezing ContainerIncludes Low Point for the Thermocouple and Adjustable Overflow Drain in the CornerC1026 133FIG. 4 Freezing
20、 Container with Tile Support Rack InstalledFIG. 5 Water Reservoir, Includes Water Line Which Goes Through the Top of the FreezerC1026 1345.5 Water Pump. A low-pressure water pump of sufficient capacity to pump water from the water reservoir into the freezingchamber in such manner that it can flood w
21、ater over the test load. A flow or pressure reduction valve may need to be installedbetween the water pump and the flooding assembly to prevent spraying. See Fig. 6.5.6 Flooding Assembly. PVC pipe or similar which assembled to spread thawing water throughout the freezing container. Holes18 in. (3 mm
22、) in diameter are drilled in the bottom of the flooding assembly. Holes 14 in. (6 mm) in diameter are drilled in thetop to maintain the flow of water in the event the bottom holes become frozen. No holes shall be drilled in the flooding assemblywhich would allow water to fall directly on the thermoc
23、ouple. See Figs. 7-9.5.7 Controller. A device capable of receiving input from a thermocouple and accurately measuring and displaying thetemperature of the water around the thermocouple within 12 F (14 C). The controller must have an electric relay triggered bychange in temperature to engage and dise
24、ngage the water pump and to record how many freeze thaw cycles have been completed.5.8 Thermocouple. Two freezer thermometers of the type that use a thermocouple are required. They shall be calibrated to 0F(18C)A thermocouple calibrated to 27F (-3C) against a thermometer of known accuracy (see accur
25、acy.2.1).5.9 Oven. An oven capable of maintaining a temperature of 302 6 9F (150 6 5C).5.10 Pan, Boiling Container. A pot or pan in which the specimens may be boiled.submerged in boiling water.5.11 PotableTest Water. Deionized water shall be used for the saturation procedure, and potable water shall
26、 be used for thefreezing and thawing.5.5 Drill Press.5.12 Carbide Tipped Bit, Weighing Instrument. slightly larger in diameter than the thermocouple, or other means of drilling thetile.A scale of adequate capacity, accurate to 0.00002 lb (0.01g).5.7 Ultraviolet Light Source and Fluorescent Dye, (ung
27、lazed tile) or black ink (glazed tile).6. Test Samples6.1 Select tenfive samples at random from the lot to be tested. Specimens larger than 3 3 in. (76 76 mm) shall be cut to3 6 14 3 6 14 in. (76 6 6 76 6 6 mm) from the center of the tile. Great care must be exercised when collecting or cuttingspeci
28、mens, or both, so that no specimens with visible damage or cracks prior to testing are included as part of the test load.FIG. 6 Water PumpC1026 1357. Procedure7.1 Calibration of the Freezer Capacity:7.1.1 Calibrate the two freezer thermometers.7.1.2 Select a group of tiles having the same approximat
29、e absorption, size, and total mass as the samples to be used in the finaltest for use as a test load.FIG. 7 Flooding Assembly, Bottom ViewFIG. 8 Flooding Assembly, Top ViewFIG. 9 Flooding Assembly, InstalledC1026 1367.1.3 Drill a hole through the center of the tile that will be in the middle of the
30、load as it is placed in the freezer in order toaccommodate the thermocouple. The fit of the thermocouple bead in the tile should be as snug as possible. The wire should betrailed out either between the ribs or in a slot cut in the back of one of the tiles. It is important that the tile, when stacked
31、, are notheld apart by the thermocouple or wire.7.1.4 Remove the thermocouple from the prepared tile and subject them and the remainder of the tile to be used as the test loadto the following:7.1 Test Load Preparation:7.1.1 Dry each specimen in the oven at 302 6 9F (150 6 5C) for 24 h. Allow the spe
32、cimens to cool in the desiccator untilthey can be safely handled. Record the dry weight (WI) of each specimen. Place the specimens in a pancontainer of potable waterand soak for 24 h. Use setter pins or some similar device boiling deionized water for 5 h, taking care that the specimens are coveredwi
33、th water at all times. Use setter pins, a rust-proof rack, or equivalent to separate the specimens from the bottom and sides ofthe pancontainer and from each other. Record the 24 soak weights, return the specimens to the water and boil for 5 h, taking carethat the specimens are covered with water at
34、 all times. After the 5-h boil, allow the specimens to soak for at least an additional24 h, record the 5-h boil weights, and continue h. Continue to immerse the treated tiles in water until ready for 7.2.37.1.3.7.1.2 Clamp or fasten the thermocouple to the low point in the freezing container, near t
35、he center of the load and underneaththe tile specimens and support rack.7.1.3 Mount the thermometers to the outside of freezing chamber which has a no-load capability of -10 to -20F (-23 to -29C).Place one thermocouple in the freezer so that it is suspended in the atmosphere of the freezer, not touc
36、hing the sides or bottom.The other thermocouple will be used in Arrange all of the specimens on the support rack in the freezing container so they arehorizontal with the wear surface facing up. Adjust and level the support rack such that the specimens will be a minimum of 14thenext step. in. (6 mm),
37、 not to exceed 1 in. (25.4 mm), above the bottom plane of the freezing container. Add potable water to thefreezing container and adjust the overflow device to maintain a water level such that the specimens are submerged at least 12 theirthickness, but not fully submerged.7.1.4 Remove the tile drille
38、d to hold the thermocouple from the water, and wipe it lightly with a damp cloth. Insert thethermocouple into the tile as discussed previously. Add enough tiles to the top and bottom of the stack so that the thermocoupleis in the center of a stack of tile of shape and weight approximating the test l
39、oad.Ensure that the water reservoir is maintainedat 60 6 20F (16 6 11C). Adjust the pressure on the water-flooding assembly to flood water directly over the test specimensduring the thaw cycle. High pressure spraying or splashing of the thawing water can cause ice or frost to build up on the freezin
40、gchamber walls and on the sides of the freezing container resulting in the need to defrost the freezer during the test cycle. If thecycle must be stopped to defrost the chamber or container, maintain the water level described in Section 7.1.3. Then continue withthe remaining cycles after defrosting
41、is completed.7.2.4 Check the inside temperature of the freezer and record (see Appendix X1).7.1.5 Remove the remaining tiles for the load from the water Set the temperature range on the temperature controller from 27to 40F (-3 to 5C), such that the water pump engages when the test load reaches 27 6
42、12 F (-3 6 14and wipe them with a dampcloth. C) and the pump disengages when the test load reaches 40 6 12 F (5 6 14 C).7.1.6 Place the entire load of tile in the freezer, preferably in a specially made basket or container. If the tile are to be stackedin the freezer, make sure the stack is straight
43、, particularly around the thermocouple, and that the wire is in its groove.Set the cyclecounter on the temperature controller to 300 cycles and start the process.7.1.7 Take a reading, both of the internal tile temperature, and inside the freezer.After one freeze-thaw cycle, at the beginningof the se
44、cond cycle, check the test load temperature inside the freezer, displayed on the controller, and record.7.1.8 Continue to record both temperaturesthe temperature on an hourly basis until the temperature inside the tile reaches 0F(-18C).test load reaches 27F (-3C).7.1.9 Prepare a table similar to App
45、endix X1that shows temperature in relation to time.time for one freezing cycle or until suchtime that no adjustment to the load is needed (see 7.1.10).7.1.10 The total time will be affected by the size of the freezer, the size of the test load, and the recovery rate of the freezer.The load is the on
46、ly one of these three that can be varied easily, so in order to maintain the specified rate of freezing, adjust theload load, while continuing the test, so that the total time required to reach 0F (-18C)27F (-3C) on the thermocouple in theload falls between 6 and 8 h.3 and 6 h. No more than three ad
47、justments to the load may be made without restarting the test.7.2 Frost Resistance Load Preparation: At the end of 300 cycles, dry the specimens in the oven at 302 6 9F (150 6 5C) for24 h. Allow specimens to cool in a desiccator.7.3.1 Select a set of tile similar in size and mass to the test load.7.
48、3.2 Number each tile with an indelible marker.7.3.3 Remove tile from water, wipe with damp cloth, and place in the freezing chamber, stacked in a manner similar to the testload described in 7.2.6.7.3 Record the dry weight (Wf) of each specimen.C1026 1377.4 Freezing and Thawing: Visually inspect each
49、 specimen carefully for cracks, disintegration, or spalling, or combinationsthereof. The visual inspection shall be conducted at a standard distance of 10 6 inches (250 6 13 mm) under sufficient lightingwith a minimum of 28 foot candles (300 lux) of illumination. Record observations.7.4.1 When the tile have reached 0F (-18C), remove them from the freezer and place in water that is at a temperature from50 to 60F (10 to 16C) and is of a sufficient quantity that the temperature remains within this r
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