1、Designation: C 1048 04Standard Specification forHeat-Treated Flat GlassKind HS, Kind FT Coated andUncoated Glass1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1048; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the requ
3、irements for flat heat-strengthened and flat fully tempered coated and uncoated glassused in general building construction.1.2 The dimensional values stated in SI units are to beregarded as the standard. The units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 The following safety hazards caveat p
4、ertains only to thetest method portion, Section 11, of this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the a
5、pplicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.22. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C 162 Terminology of Glass and Glass ProductsC 346 Test Method for 45-deg Specular Gloss of CeramicMaterialsC 724 Test Methods for Acid Resistance of Ceramic Deco-rations on ArchitecturalType GlassC 978
6、Test Method for Photoelastic Determination of Re-sidual Stress in a Transparent Glass Matrix Using aPolarizing Microscope and Optical Retardation Compen-sation ProceduresC 1036 Specification for Flat GlassC 1203 Test Method for Quantitative Determination ofAlkali Resistance of a Ceramic-Glass Enamel
7、C 1279 Test Method for Non-Destructive Photoelastic Mea-surement of Edge and Surface Stresses in Annealed,Heat-Strengthened, and Fully Tempered Flat Glass2.2 ANSI Standard:Z97.1 Safety Performance Specifications and Methods ofTest for Safety Glazing Materials Used in Buildings42.3 Other Documents:CP
8、SC 16 CFR 1201 Safety Standard for ArchitecturalGlazing Materials53. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this speci-fication, refer to Terminology C 162 and Specification C 1036.4. Classification4.1 KindsFlat glass furnished under this specificationshall be of the following
9、kinds, as specified (see Section 6):4.1.1 Kind HSHeat-strengthened glass shall be flat glass,either transparent or patterned, in accordance with the appli-cable requirements of Specification C 1036 as further pro-cessed to conform with the requirements hereinafter specifiedfor heat-strengthened glas
10、s.4.1.2 Kind FTFully tempered glass shall be flat glass,either transparent or patterned in accordance with the appli-cable requirements of Specification C 1036 as further pro-cessed to conform with the requirements hereinafter specifiedfor fully tempered glass.4.2 ConditionsGlass furnished under thi
11、s specificationshall be of the following conditions, as specified (see Section6):4.2.1 Condition AUncoated surfaces.4.2.2 Condition BSpandrel glass, one surface ceramiccoated.4.2.3 Condition COther coated glass.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glassand Glass Pro
12、ducts and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.08 on FlatGlass.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2004. Published March 2004. Originallyapproved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as C 1048 97b.2Reference to these documents shall be the latest issue unless otherwisespecified b
13、y the authority applying this specification.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from A
14、merican National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4thFloor, New York, NY 10036.5Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.3
15、Types, Classes, Forms, Qualities, and Finishestheseare described in Specification C 1036.5. Intended Use5.1 Kind HSHeat-strengthened glass is generally twice asstrong as annealed glass of the same thickness and configura-tion. When broken, the fragments are generally similar to thatof annealed glass
16、. Intended for general glazing when additionalstrength is desired but not requiring the strength of fullytempered glass.NOTE 1Caution: Monolithic heat-strengthened glass is not suitablefor safety glazing as defined by ANSI Z97.1 or CPSC 16 CFR 1201.5.2 Kind FT Fully tempered glass is approximately f
17、ourtimes as strong as annealed glass of the same thickness andconfiguration. When broken, by impact, fully tempered glassfractures into relatively small pieces meeting safety glazingrequirements thereby greatly reducing the likelihood of seriouscutting or piercing injuries in comparison with ordinar
18、y an-nealed glass. Fully tempered glass is intended for use inapplications where its strength or safety characteristics may berequired. For some applications, such as doors used forpassage, tub and shower enclosures and fixed glass in closeproximity to a walking surface, fully tempered glass is requ
19、iredby building codes and ordinances. It is often used for otherapplications where the properties of fully tempered glass aredesirable such as table tops, counter tops, show case enclosuresand similar applications.6. Ordering Information6.1 Purchasers should select the preferred options permittedin
20、this specification and include the following information inprocurement documents:6.1.1 Title, number, and date of this specification.6.1.2 Kind, condition, type, class, style, form, quality, finish,and pattern of glass as applicable (see Section 4).6.1.3 Fabrication requirements (see 7.1).6.1.4 Requ
21、irements for fittings and hardware (see 7.2).6.1.5 Specific location of tong marks, when required (see7.3).6.1.6 Custom design or texture required (see 7.8).6.1.7 Glass thickness (see 9.1).6.1.8 Pattern-cut glass must be within the tolerances speci-fied (see 9.3).6.1.9 When surface or edge compressi
22、on test is required forKind HS or Kind FT glass (see 8.1.1).6.1.10 When break safe characteristics are required for fullytempered (Kind FT) glass (see 8.1.2).6.1.11 Color or tint of glass (see 8.2).6.1.12 When either permanent or temporary identificationmarking is required (see Section 12).6.1.13 Su
23、rface treatment or coatings for Condition B andCondition C glass (see 8.3 and 8.4).6.1.14 When addition of fallout resistance capability isrequired for Condition A, Condition B, or Condition C glassesused as spandrels. (Normally achieved by adhering a reinforc-ing material to the glass surface.) (Se
24、e 11.3.)7. Fabrication7.1 FabricationAll fabrication, such as cutting to overalldimensions, edgework, drilled holes, notching, grinding, sand-blasting, and etching, shall be performed before strengtheningor tempering and shall be as specified (see Section 6 and 7.9).After the glass has been heat str
25、engthened or tempered, it shallnot be modified except as recommended by the fabricator; forexample, some Condition C coatings. No modification shall bemade that will affect its structural characteristics or integrity asspecified in this specification.7.2 Fittings and HardwareRequirements for fitting
26、s andhardware shall be as specified (see Section 6) or as shown onplans or drawings. Fittings and hardware specified shall becompatible with glass fabrication limitations.7.3 Tong MarksThe center of tong marks, when present,shall be located a maximum of 12.7 mm (12 in.) from one edgeof the glass on
27、thicknesses up to and including 9.5 mm (38 in.).On thicknesses over 9.5 mm, the center of tong marks, whenpresent, shall be located a maximum of 19 mm (34 in.) fromone edge of the glass. Tong marks shall be located on a specificedge when specified (see Section 6). For location of tong markson glass
28、with special fabrication or irregular patterns, consultfabricators.7.4 Distortion:7.4.1 Thermally tempered and heat-strengthened glass ismade by heating glass in a furnace to a temperature at whichthe glass becomes slightly plastic. Immediately after heating,the glass surfaces are rapidly cooled by
29、quenching with airfrom a series of nozzles. The original flatness of the glass isslightly modified by the heat treatment, causing reflectedimages to be distorted. When viewing images through theglass, the distortion, in most glazing applications, is less thanthat of reflected images and is not as no
30、ticeable.7.4.2 Fully tempered and heat-strengthened glass that hasbeen made in a vertical furnace contains small surface depres-sions along one edge resembling dimples (tong marks) (see7.3). Distortion will be observed in the areas surrounding thetong marks. Fully tempered and heat-strengthened glas
31、s thathas been made in a horizontal furnace may contain surfacedistortion (for example, picture framing, heat distortion orroller wave distortion). Distortion will be detected whenviewing images reflected from the glass surface.7.4.3 Pressures, exerted around the periphery of glass by theglazing sys
32、tem, can also alter glass flatness thereby distortingreflected images. This is true regardless of whether or not theglass is heat treated.7.4.4 Sealed insulating glass units also exhibit distortionregardless of glass type. Air or gas, trapped in the sealedairspace between the panes, expands or contr
33、acts with tem-perature and barometric changes, creating a pressure differen-tial between the airspace and the atmosphere. The glass reactsto the pressure differential by being deflected inward oroutward.7.4.5 Regardless of glass flatness, the degree of reflecteddistortion perceived is largely due to
34、 the characteristics orsymmetry of the object being reflected. Linear objects (such asbuilding curtain walls and telephone poles) and moving objectsC1048042(such as cars) may appear distorted. Irregular and free-formobjects such as trees and clouds will appear to have littleperceived distortion.7.4.
35、6 Specified bow and warp limits may not adequatelydefine, or control, the distortion that may become apparentafter glazing. The factors, noted above, may have a largerinfluence on the perceived reflected distortion than that whichis caused by bow and warp from the heat-treating process.Consultation
36、with suppliers and the viewing of full-size mock-ups, under typical job conditions and surroundings, is highlyrecommended for user or architectural evaluation of thereflective distortion.7.5 Strain PatternIn heat-strengthened and fully tem-pered glass, a strain pattern, which is not normally visible
37、, maybecome visible under certain light conditions. It is character-istic of these kinds of glasses and should not be mistaken asdiscoloration or nonuniform tint or color.7.6 Surface ParticlesThe heat-treating process typicallyinvolves the transport of very hot glass on conveyor rollers.Asa result o
38、f this soft glass-to-roller contact, some glass surfacechanges will occur. Minute glass particles (fines) from the glasscutting and edging process, typical manufacturing plant air-borne debris or dust, refractory particles from the temperingoven roof, as well as external airborne dirt and grit carri
39、ed intothe plant by the large volumes of quench air used in theprocess, may adhere to one or both glass surfaces.7.7 Resistance to Wind LoadThe support system and theamount of glass deflection for a given set of wind-loadconditions must be considered for design purposes. Consult themanufacturer to d
40、etermine the appropriate thickness of heat-strengthened (Kind HS) or fully tempered (Kind FT) glassneeded to satisfy the design wind load and probability ofbreakage design factor for the required glass.7.8 Special Surfaces, Types I or IICustom designs ortextures shall be as specified (see 6.1.6) or
41、as shown on plansor drawings.7.9 Fabrication GuidelinesHeat-treated flat glass cannotbe cut after tempering. Fabrication altering the stress distribu-tion, surface or edge shape, or dimension must be performedbefore being heat treated. Consult suppliers for special edges orirregular patterns or, whe
42、n required, on a specific type of edge.The following guidelines may be used for normal fabricationrequirements.7.9.1 Heat-treated glass can be furnished with holes,notches, cutouts, and bevels.7.9.2 Placement of Holes:7.9.2.1 The minimum distance from any edge of the glass tothe nearest point on the
43、 rim of a hole must be 6 mm (14 in.) or2 times the thickness of the glass, whichever is greater (see Fig.1).7.9.2.2 The minimum distance between the rims of adjoin-ing holes must be 10 mm (38 in.) or 2 times the thickness ofglass, whichever is greater (see Fig. 1).7.9.2.3 Holes near corners must be
44、located so that thenearest edge of the hole is a minimum of 6.5 times thethickness of the glass from the tip of the corner when the corneris 90 or more (see Fig. 2).7.9.3 Minimum Dimension of HolesCircular holes musthave a minimum diameter of 6.4 mm (14 in.) or the thicknessof the glass, whichever i
45、s greater. In other than circular holes,any corners must have fillets, the radius of which must be equalto or greater than the thickness of the glass (see Fig. 3).7.9.4 Dimensional Tolerances of Holes:7.9.4.1 Tolerance of hole diameter shall be 61.6 mm (116in.).X=6mm(14 in.) or 2t, whichever is grea
46、terY = 10 mm (38 in.) or 2t, whichever is greaterWhere:X= Minimum distance between glass edge and rim of nearest holeY= Minimum distance between rims of adjoining holest = glass thicknessFIG. 1 Placement of HolesX=6.5tWhere:X = Minimum distance between glass corner and rim of nearest holet = Glass t
47、hickness.FIG. 2 Location of Holes Near CornersD=6mm(1/4in.)or1t,whichever is greaterR$ tWhere:D = Minimum diameter of a holeR = Radiust = Glass thicknessFIG. 3 Maximum Dimension of HolesC10480437.9.4.2 Tolerance for dimensions of hole center from speci-fied edges shall be 61.6 mm (116 in.).7.9.4.3 T
48、olerance for dimension between hole centers shallbe 61.6 mm (116 in.).7.9.5 Chips and flakes at hole edges must not exceed 1.6mm (116 in.).7.9.6 Notches and Cutouts:7.9.6.1 Notches and cutouts must have fillets, the radius ofwhich must be equal to or greater than the thickness of theglass (see Fig.
49、4).7.9.6.2 Dimensional tolerance of notches and cutouts shallbe:6 1.6 mm (116 in.) for glass thickness less than 12 mm (12 in.).6 3mm(18 in.) for glass thickness of 12 mm (12 in.) andgreater.7.9.6.3 Inner surfaces of notches and cutouts must besmooth seamed or polished.8. Other Requirements8.1 Strength Requirements:8.1.1 Surface and Edge Compression Requirements (see11.7):8.1.1.1 Kind HS, Heat-Strengthened GlassKind HS glasswith thicknesses of 6 mm (14 in.) and less shall have a surfacecompression between 24 to 52 Mpa (3500 and 7500 psi).Surfa
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