1、Designation: C1081 98 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Specification forAsbestos-Cement Corrugated Fill For Use in CoolingTowers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1081; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers splash bar and corrugatedsheet type asbestos-cement products used as cooling tower
3、 fill.1.2 Drift eliminators or demisters, louvers, partitioning andcasing panels are covered in Specifications C1080. Asbestos-cement pipes are covered in Specification C296 and Specifi-cations C428. Asbestos-cement flat sheet fill (heat exchangesurfaces) are specified in Specification C1082.1.3 The
4、 values stated in the SI system are to be regarded asthe standard. The inch-pound units in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 WarningBreathing of asbestos dust is hazardous.Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated healthrisks for users and for those with whom they come into contact.I
5、n addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For informa-tion on the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Useof Chrysotile Asbestos: A Manual on Preventive and ControlMeasures.”21.5 The following precautionary caveat pertain
6、s only to theTest Method portion, Section 8, of this Specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicab
7、ility of regulatory limita-tions prior to use. See 1.4 for a specific safety hazard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C150 Specification for Portland CementC296 Specification for Asbestos-Cement Pressure PipeC428 Specification forAsbestos-Cement Nonpressure SewerPipeC458 Test Method for Org
8、anic Fiber Content of Asbestos-Cement ProductsC459 Test Methods for Asbestos-Cement Flat ProductsC500 Test Methods for Asbestos-Cement PipeC1080 Specification for Asbestos-Cement Products OtherThan Fill For Cooling TowersC1082 Specification for Asbestos-Cement Flat Sheet forCooling Tower FillC1096 T
9、est Method for Determination of Wood Fiber inAsbestos CementD2946 Terminology for Asbestos and AsbestosCementProducts2.2 DIN Standard:DIN 274 Asbestzement-Weilplatten43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions included in TerminologyD2946 are applicable to this specification.3.2 Definitions of Ter
10、ms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 autoclaved productProducts that have been treatedin a saturated steam atmosphere at between 689 and 1517 kPa(100 and 220 psi) for at least 8 h, and that contain portlandcement Type I (Specification C150) together with fine silica inthe ratio of 3:2 that can react t
11、o form calcium silicate reactionproducts.3.2.2 pressed productsProducts that are pressed singly orin stacks interlayered with templates, at a minimum pressure of12 MPa (1740 psi).3.2.3 pitchThe wave length in corrugated products.4. Classification4.1 Splash Bar Classification:4.1.1 Type ISplash bars
12、consist of corrugated autoclavedpressed asbestos-cement sheets for the most demanding appli-cations that meet the requirements set forth in Table 1.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C17 onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC
13、17.03 on Asbestos - Cement Sheet Products and Accessories.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C1081 98 (2008).DOI: 10.1520/C1081-98R14.2Available from The Asbestos Institute, http:/ referenced ASTM stan
14、dards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from Deutsches Institut fr Normunge, Beuth Verlaq GmbH,Auslieferung, Post F
15、ach1107, D-1000 Berlin 30, Germany.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.1.2 Type IISplash bars consist of corrugated pressedasbestos-cement sheets for intermediate service that meetrequirements presented in Table 1.4.1.3
16、Type IIISplash bars are intended for less demandingservice that meet the requirements stated in Table 1.4.2 Corrugated Fill:4.2.1 Type ANon-autoclaved, compressed, corrugatedsheet, with a nominal thickness of 5 mm (316 in.):Pitch 107 mm (4.2 in.)Average minimum bending moment 556 Nm/m(125 ftlbf/ft)I
17、ndividual specimen minimum bending moment 471 Nm/m(106 ftlbf/ft)Minimum density 1.6 g/cm3(100 lb/ft3)Maximum water absorption 25 %NOTE 1Calculate bending moment in accordance with DIN 274.5. Ordering Information5.1 Splash Bars:5.1.1 State the type, dimensions, and quantity required.5.1.2 State what
18、type of certification, if any, is required.5.2 Corrugated Fill:5.2.1 State that Type A is required.5.2.2 State length, width, and quantity of panels required.5.2.3 State what type of certification, if any, is required.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Splash BarsManufacturing and composition require-m
19、ents are given in Table 1.6.2 Corrugated FillManufacturing requirements are givenin 4.2.1.7. Performance Requirements7.1 Splash BarsPerformance requirements are stated inTable 1.7.2 Corrugated FillPerformance requirements are statedin 4.2.1.8. Test Methods8.1 Apparent Density:8.1.1 ScopeThis test me
20、thod covers the determination ofthe mass per unit volume of asbestos-cement products.8.1.2 Significance and Use:8.1.2.1 The apparent density gives an indication of relativeproduct robustness and durability. It is used to evaluate therequirements for dedicated support structures.8.1.3 Hazards:Warning
21、see 1.4.8.1.4 ProcedureCalculate the apparent density by divid-ing the mass of a specimen dried to constant mass at 110 6 5Cby the volume of the specimen.8.1.5 Precision and Bias:8.1.5.1 PrecisionNo statement is made on the precision ofthis test method since conformance to specific criteria is theon
22、ly measure of success specified.8.1.5.2 BiasBias cannot be established on these porousheterogeneous products of variable composition, for lack of areferee test method.8.2 Water AbsorptionIn accordance with Test MethodsC459.8.3 Flexural Strength and Modulus of RuptureIn ac-cordance with Test Methods
23、C459.8.4 Freeze-Thaw Resistance:8.4.1 ScopeThis test method covers the determination ofthe freeze-thaw resistance of corrugated asbestos-cement fillfor use in cooling towers.8.4.2 Significance and UseThe freeze-thaw resistance istaken as an indication of resistance to low temperature weath-ering. It
24、 is used to estimate product suitability for difficultclimates.8.4.3 HazardsRefer to 1.4.TABLE 1 Manufacturing, Composition and Performance Requirements for Splash BarsType No. I II IIIManufacturing requirements:Autoclaved yes no noPressed yes yes noNominal thickness,316, mm (in.) 4 (0.17) 4 (0.17)
25、4 (0.17)38, mm (in.) 9 (0.35) 9 (0.35) 9 (0.35)Composition requirements:Silica passing through a 149 m sieve (No. 100) yes no noRatio, cement:silica 3:2 . .Mineral diluents no no noCellulose no no noMaximum organic content in accordance with Test MethodC458,%0.01 0.01 0.01Cement type; per Specificat
26、ion C150 I IorV I,IIorVor ISO type 10 20 or 50 10, 20 or 50Performance requirements:Minimum apparent density, g/cm3(lb/ft3) 1.6 (100) 1.6 (100) 1.4 (100)Maximum water absorption, % 25 25 30Minimum average bending moment, calculated as in DIN 274Nm/m (ft-lbf/ft) 556 (125) 556 (125) 556 (125)Minimum i
27、ndividual specimen bending moment, Nm/m (ft-lbf/ft) 471 (106) 471 (106) 471 (106)Minimum freeze-thaw resistance, cycles 200 100 50Minimum Harkort test, cycles 7 5 3Free lime, in accordance with Test Method C500,% 1 6 7C1081 98 (2014)28.4.4 Procedure:8.4.4.1 Each cycle shall consist of saturating the
28、 specimenby submerging in water at 30 6 2C (86 6 3F) during 2 6 0.2h followed by rapid drainage and freezing to 20 6 2C (4 63F) during 10 6 0.2 h. The twice-daily cycle then repeatsstarting with the 2 h period of thawing and saturation in waterat 30C.8.4.4.2 The number of freeze-thaw cycles specifie
29、d must notcause any apparent deterioration. Check for signs of delami-nation by means of a magnifying glass. Inspect the specimensfor the presence of invisible cracks by spraying isopropylalcohol from a hand spray bottle onto the specimen (hairlinecracks are revealed when the alcohol evaporates from
30、 thesurface).8.4.5 Precision and Bias:8.4.5.1 PrecisionNo statement is made on the precision ofthis test method since conformance to specific criteria is theonly measure of success specified.8.4.5.2 BiasBias cannot be established on porous hetero-geneous products of variable composition, for lack of
31、 a refereetest method.8.5 Harkort Test:8.5.1 ScopeThis test method covers the determination ofresistance to repeated combined thermal and moisture shocksfor corrugated asbestos-cement fill for use in cooling towers.8.5.2 Significance and UseThe Harkort test provides anevaluation of the resistance to
32、 thermal and moisture fluctua-tions. It is used to estimate the durability of products.8.5.3 HazardsRefer to 1.4.8.5.4 Procedure:8.5.4.1 The specimen is dried in an oven at 100 6 2C (2126 3F) for 2 6 0.2 h before rapidly dunking it in 10 6 0.1 kg(20 6 0.2 lb) of water at 20 6 2C (68 6 3F) for 10 6 0
33、.2min. Then the specimen is examined for signs of deterioration.Check and inspect as in 8.4.4.2. If the specimen does notappear deteriorated, return it to the oven for drying during 246 0.2hat1106 2C (230 6 3F) before dunking again in thesame way.8.5.4.2 Subsequent drying cycles are all of 23 h 45 6
34、 12min duration at the following temperatures:3rd drying 120 2C (258 3F)4th drying 130 2C (266 3F)5th drying 140 2C (284 3F)6th drying 150 2C (302 3F)7th drying 160 2C (320 3F)8.5.4.3 Report the number of cycles sustained withoutdeterioration.8.5.5 Precision and Bias:8.5.5.1 PrecisionNo statement is
35、 made on the precision ofthis test method since conformance to specific criteria is theonly measure of success specified.8.5.5.2 BiasBias cannot be established on porous hetero-geneous products of variable composition, for lack of a refereetest method.8.6 Additional Testing InformationAdditional det
36、ails arepresented in Specifications C296, C428, C1080, C1082, TestMethods C458 and C1096 and in DIN 274.9. Inspection9.1 Inspection of the material shall be agreed upon by thepurchaser and the supplier as part of the purchase contract.10. Rejection and Rehearing10.1 Material that fails to conform to
37、 the requirements ofthis specification may be rejected. Rejection shall be reportedto the producer or supplier promptly and in writing. In case ofdissatisfaction with the results of the tests, the producer orsupplier may make claim for a rehearing.11. Certification11.1 When specified in the purchase
38、 order or contract, aproducers or suppliers certification shall be furnished to thepurchaser that the material was manufactured, sampled, testedand inspected in accordance with this specification and hasbeen found to meet the requirements. When specified in thepurchase order or contract, a report of
39、 the test results shall befurnished.11.2 Upon request of the purchaser in the contract or orderthe certification of an independent third party indicatingconformance to the requirements of this specification may beaccepted instead of the manufacturers certification.12. Product Marking12.1 For Type I
40、and II products it is necessary to print oneach piece, in alkali resistant ink, the identification of the type.13. Keywords13.1 asbestos; asbestos-cement; cement; cooling tower; cor-rugated; fillASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection
41、with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible te
42、chnical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider
43、ation at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr
44、Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 98 (2014)3
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