ASTM C1088-2018 Standard Specification for Thin Veneer Brick Units Made From Clay or Shale.pdf

1、Designation: C1088 17C1088 18Standard Specification forThin Veneer Brick Units Made From Clay or Shale1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1088; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi

2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers thin veneer brick units made from clay, shale, fire clay, sand, or mixtures thereof, and fired toinc

3、ipient fusion for use in adhered or fastened veneer applications. Three types of thin veneer brick units in each of two gradesare covered. In this specification, the term thin veneer brick shall be understood to mean clay masonry unit with a maximumthickness of 134 in. (44.45 mm).NOTE 1Brick intende

4、d for paving should be specified under Specification C902.1.2 The property requirements of this specification apply at the time of purchase. The use of results from testing of brickextracted from masonry structures for determining conformance or nonconformance to the property requirements (Section 6

5、7) ofthis specification is beyond the scope of this specification.1.3 Brick covered by this specification are manufactured from clay, shale, or similar naturally occurring substances andsubjected to a heat treatment at elevated temperatures (firing). The heat treatment must develop sufficient fired

6、bond between theparticulate constituents to provide the strength and durability requirements of the specification. (See “firing” and “fired bond” inTerminology C1232.)1.4 Thin brick are shaped during manufacture by molding, pressing, or extrusion. The shaping method is a way to describe thethin bric

7、k. Thin brick may also be cut from thicker masonry units.1.4.1 This standard and its individual requirements shall not be used to qualify or corroborate the performance of a masonryunit made from other materials, or made with other forming methods, or other means of binding the materials.1.5 The tex

8、t of this specification references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values giv

9、en in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the

10、Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay TileC902 Specification for Pedestrian an

11、d Light Traffic Paving BrickC1232 Terminology for Masonry3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions relating to thin veneer brick, refer to Terminology C1232.1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subco

12、mmittee C15.02 on Brickand Structural Clay Tile.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017Sept. 1, 2018. Published October 2017October 2018. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 20142017 asC1088 14.C1088 17. DOI: 10.1520/C1088-17.10.1520/C1088-18.2 For referencedASTM standards,

13、visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM sta

14、ndard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by AS

15、TM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Classification4.1 GradesGrades classify brick according to their resistan

16、ce to damage by freezing and thawing when saturated at a moisturecontent not exceeding the 24-h cold water absorption. Two grades of thin veneer brick units are covered and the requirements aregiven in Section 67.4.1.1 Grade ExteriorBrick intended for use where high resistance to damage caused by cy

17、clic freezing and thawing is desired.4.1.2 Grade InteriorBrick intended for use where moderate resistance to cyclic freezing and thawing damage is permissible.4.2 Three types of thin veneer brick units are covered as follows:4.2.1 Type TBS (Standard)Thin veneer brick for general use in masonry.4.2.2

18、 Type TBX (Select)Thin veneer brick for general use in masonry where a higher degree of precision and lower permissiblevariation in size than permitted for Type TBS is required.4.2.3 Type TBA (Architectural)Thin veneer brick for general use in masonry selected to produce characteristic architectural

19、effects resulting from nonuniformity in size and texture of the individual units.4.3 When the type is not specified, the requirements for Type TBS will govern.5. Ordering Information5.1 Orders for thin brick under this specification shall include the following information:5.1.1 Grade (4.1)Grade Exte

20、rior governs when grade is not specified.5.1.2 Type (4.2)Type TBS governs when type is not specified.5.1.2.1 For Type TBA, specify chippage (10.1), tolerances (Section 9), or approve a designated sample.5.1.3 Color, color range, and texture (10.4) by approving a sample.5.1.3.1 Finish on more than on

21、e face (9.5).5.1.4 Size (9.1)Specify width (thickness) by height by length.5.1.5 Sampling (12.2)Person to select samples and place or places of selection of samples for testing.5.2 Orders for facing brick under this specification may include the following information:5.2.1 Back Surface Texture Face

22、Requirements (Section 11).5.2.2 Costs of Tests (Note 8)Party who will pay and conditions for payment of compliance testing.NOTE 2Color, color range, and texture are best specified by identifying a particular manufacturer and unit designation. Nominal dimensions shouldnot be used to specify size.NOTE

23、 3See Section 7 for optional information.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Units shall not show surface defects and deficiencies, nor effects of surface treatments including coating in themanufacturing process, that interfere with installation of the brick or significantly impair the performance of th

24、e construction.6.2 Colors and textures produced by application of inorganic coatings to the faces of the thin veneer brick are permitted ifapproved by the purchaser, provided that evidence is furnished of the durability of the coatings.7. Physical Properties7.1 DurabilityWhen the grade is not specif

25、ied, the requirements for Grade Exterior shall govern.7.1.1 Physical Property RequirementsThe brick shall conform to the physical property requirements as prescribed in Table1.7.1.2 Absorption AlternativeThe saturation coefficient requirement does not apply, provided the 24-h cold water absorptionof

26、 each of the five units tested does not exceed 8.0 %.7.1.3 Freezing and Thawing AlternativeThe requirements specified in Table 1 do not apply, provided a sample of five brickpasses the freezing and thawing test as described in the Rating Section of the Freezing and Thawing test procedures of TestMet

27、hods C67.7.1.3.1 Grade Exterior: Breakage and Weight Loss RequirementNo individual unit separates or disintegrates resulting in aweight loss greater than 0.5 % of its original dry weight.TABLE 1 Physical RequirementsDesignationMaximum WaterAbsorption by 5-hBoiling, %MaximumSaturationCoefficientAAver

28、ageof 5 units IndividualAverageof 5 units IndividualGrade Exterior 17.0 20.0 0.78 0.80Grade Interior 22.0 25.0 0.88 0.90A The saturation coefficient is the ratio of absorption by 24-h submersion in coldwater to that after 5-h submersion in boiling water.C1088 1827.1.3.2 Grade Exterior: Cracking Requ

29、irementNo individual unit develops a crack that exceeds, in length, the units least facedimension.7.1.4 Low Weathering Index AlternativeIf the thin brick are intended for use exposed to weather where the weathering indexis less than 50 (see Fig. 1), and unless otherwise specified, the requirements g

30、iven in Table 1 for Grade Interior shall apply.NOTE 4A minimum compressive strength requirement is not included in combination with other physical property requirements as an indicator offreeze/thaw durability. The geometry of the thin brick units may preclude proper testing and can affect the failu

31、re mode attained. Thus, compressivestrength test results may not be a true indicator of unit freeze-thaw performance or fired bond.NOTE 5The effect of weathering on thin brick is related to the weathering index, which for any locality is the product of the average annual numberof freezing cycle days

32、 and the average annual winter rainfall in inches (millimetres), defined as follows.Afreezing cycle day is any day during which the air temperature passes either above or below 32F (0C). The average number of freezing cycle daysin a year may be taken to equal the difference between the mean number o

33、f days during which the minimum temperature was 32F (0C) or below, andthe mean number of days during which the maximum temperature was 32F (0C) or below.Winter rainfall is the sum in inches (millimetres) of the mean monthly corrected precipitation (rainfall) occurring during the period between andin

34、cluding the normal date of the first killing frost in the fall and the normal date of the last killing frost in the spring. The winter rainfall for any periodis equal to the total precipitation less one tenth of the total fall of snow, sleet, and hail. Rainfall for a portion of a month is prorated.8

35、. Efflorescence8.1 Brick are not required to be tested for efflorescence to comply with this specification unless requested by the specifier orpurchaser. When the efflorescence test is requested by the specifier or purchaser, the brick shall be sampled at the place ofmanufacture, and tested in accor

36、dance with Test Methods C67, and a rating for efflorescence shall be “not effloresced.” If the ratingfor efflorescence is “effloresced,” the brick represented by the testing do not meet the efflorescence requirements of thisspecification.Grade Recommendations for Face ExposuresExposureWeathering Ind

37、ex (Note 35)Lessthan 5050 andgreaterIn vertical surfaces:In contact with earth MW SWNot in contact with earth MW SWIn other than vertical surfaces:In contact with earth SW SWNot in contact with earth MW SWFIG. 1 Weathering Indices in the United StatesC1088 1839. Dimensions and Permissible Variations

38、9.1 SizeThe face size of thin veneer brick shall be as specified by the purchaser. In a representative sample of ten units selectedto include the extreme range of color and dimensions of thin veneer brick to be supplied for each size and color combination inthe purchase order, no thin brick shall de

39、part from the specified size by more than the individual tolerance for the type specifiedas prescribed in Table 2. Tolerances on dimensions for Type TBA shall be as specified by the purchaser.NOTE 6Brick names denoting sizes may be regional and therefore may not be included in all reference books. P

40、urchasers should ascertain the sizeof brick available in their locality and should specify accordingly, stating the desired dimensions (width by height by length).9.2 WarpageTolerances for warpage of face or edges of individual units from a plane surface shall not exceed the maximumfor the type spec

41、ified as prescribed in Table 3. Tolerances on warpage for Type TBA shall be as specified by the purchaser.10. Finish and Appearance10.1 Face or Faces:10.1.1 The face or faces that will be exposed in place shall be free of chips that exceed the limits given in Table 4. The aggregatelength of chips sh

42、all not exceed 10 % of the perimeter of the face or faces of the thin veneer brick.10.1.2 The face or faces shall not contain cracks or other imperfections that detract from the appearance of the designatedsample when viewed under diffused lighting from a distance of 15 ft (4.6 m) for Type TBX and a

43、 distance of 20 ft (6.1 m) for TypesTBS and TBA.10.2 The number of thin veneer brick in a delivery that are broken or otherwise fail to meet the requirements for chippage andtolerances shall not exceed 5 %.10.3 After thin veneer brick are installed, the manufacturer or the manufacturers agent shall

44、not be held responsible forcompliance of thin veneer brick with the requirements of this specification for chippage and tolerances.10.4 If brick having a particular color, color range, or texture are desired, these features shall be specified separately by thepurchaser. The texture of the finished s

45、urfaces that will be exposed when in place shall conform to an approved sample consistingof not less than four typical stretcher thin veneer brick, each representing the desired texture. The color range shall be indicatedby the approved sample.11. Back Surface Texture11.1 Back Surface TextureThin br

46、ick back surface textures are at the option of the manufacturer. Special surfaceconfigurations or requirements shall be specified and shall meet all other requirements of this section.NOTE 7The manufacturer should be consulted for the availability of specific surface textures.12. Sampling and Testin

47、g12.1 The brick shall be sampled and tested in accordance with applicable sections in Test Methods C67.12.2 The manufacturer or the seller shall furnish specimens for tests. The place or places of selection shall be designated whenthe purchase order is placed.NOTE 8Unless otherwise specified in the

48、purchase order, the cost of tests is typically borne as follows: if the results of the test show that brick donot conform to the requirements of this specification, the cost is typically borne by the seller. If the results of the tests show that the brick do conformto the requirements of this specif

49、ication, the cost is typically borne by the purchaser.13. Keywords13.1 appearance requirements; clay; fired masonry units; masonry; physical properties; shale; thin brickTABLE 2 Tolerances on DimensionsASpecified Dimension,in. (mm)Maximum PermissibleVariation from SpecifiedDimension, in. (mm)Type TBX Type TBS3 (76) and under 116 (1.6) 332 (2.4)Over 3 to 4 (76 to 102) incl 332 (2.4) 18 (3.2)Over 4 to 6 (102 to 152) incl 18 (3.2) 316 (4.7)Over 6 to 8 (152 to 203) incl 532 (4.0) 14 (6.4)Over 8 to 12 (203 to 305) incl 732 (5.6) 516