1、Designation: C1119/C1119M 90 (Reapproved 2009)1Standard Test Method forVacuum Drainage of Asbestos-Cement Mixes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1119/C1119M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEUnits information was corrected and a warning note in 7.4.1 was moved into the standard text editoriallyin March 2010.
3、1. Scope1.1 This test method describes a laboratory procedure forthe evaluation of asbestos fiber by measuring the rate ofdrainage under suction, of an asbestos-cement mixture.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ine
4、ach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 WarningBreathing of asbestos dust is hazardous.Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated healthri
5、sks for users and for those with whom they come into contact.In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For informa-tion on the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Useof Chrysotile Asbestos: A Manual on Preventive and Co
6、ntrolMeasures.”21.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use
7、 See Note 1 and 1.3for specific hazard warnings.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C150 Specification for Portland CementC430 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by the45-m (No. 325) SieveC1124 Test Method for Kerosene Retention of AsbestosD2590 Test Method for Sampling Chrysotile
8、AsbestosD2946 Terminology for Asbestos and AsbestosCementProductsD3752 Test Method for Strength Imparted by Asbestos to aCementitious MatrixD3879 Test Method for Sampling Amphibole Asbestos4D3880 Test Method for Asbestos Strength UnitsE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test
9、 Methods2.2 ACS Document:Specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents ofthe American Chemical Society53. Terminology3.1 For definitions, refer to Terminology D2946.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The fiber to be evaluated is fiberized to simulate thespecific surface area at which it is used i
10、n the industrialprocess, and it is added to the same mix using representativeingredients and process water. If the latter is not available,saturated water may be substituted (see 7.7). The slurry isdewatered on a 177-m No. 80 screen cloth (or in accordancewith the Apparatus Section of Test Method D3
11、752) under avacuum of 90 kPa 70 cm Hg. The end point is determined asthe point when air begins to pass through the filter cake, andthe suction drops abruptly. The time taken to reach the endpoint is recorded and this is a function of the drainage rate ofthe mix.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test m
12、ethod can be used to estimate the speed ofdrainage and the rate of production of products from the fiberevaluated, in industrial applications. It may be applied to singlegrades of fiber, or to fiber blends, together with the same bindersystem and process water used in the process under evaluation.1T
13、his test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C17 onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC17.03 on Asbestos - Cement Sheet Products and Accessories.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published March 2010. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last
14、previous edition approved in 2004 as C1119 90(2004)1.DOI: 10.1520/C1119_C1119M-90R09E01.2Available from The Asbestos Institute, http:/ referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informat
15、ion, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.5Available from American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW, Washington,DC 20036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P
16、O Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Apparatus6.1 Drainage Apparatus, as described in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.The funnel shown in Fig. 1 shall be cemented to the bottom ofPart 3 of Fig. 2 to give an air-tight seal. Alternatively, theapparatus described in Test Method C1124 or in
17、Test MethodD3752, may be used.6.2 Vacuum-Actuated SwitchSet to activate an electrictimer when the pressure is between 50 kPa 40 cm Hg vacuumand 8 kPa 70 cm Hg vacuum. This switch shall be located atthe discharge of the drainage funnel, together with a manom-eter of from 0 to 50 kPa absolute 0 to 76
18、cm Hg vacuumcapacity, and a water trap with a capacity of 500 cm.6.3 Wet Mixer, as shown in Fig. 3, Fig. 4, and Fig. 5, capableof maintaining a speed of 62.8 6 2.6 rad/s 600 6 25 r/minunder load.Alternatively, the mixing apparatus, as described inTest Method D3880, may be used.6.3.1 The impeller sha
19、ll rotate clockwise when lookingfrom above, and the vanes shall be pitched so as to impel theslurry downward.6.3.2 Maximum clearance between the impeller and theconical wall of the wet mixer shall be set at 6.3 mm.6.3.3 The distance between the bottom of the impeller andthe top of the stopper shall
20、be set at 1 6 0.1 cm.6.4 Source of Vacuum,at906 0.2 kPa 70 6 0.2 cm Hg.6.5 Fiberizer, such as described in Test Method D3752. Thisis needed only if the fiber to be evaluated is not available at therequired degree of fiberization.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Reagents and Materials(See Note 1 and Note
21、 2.)7.2 Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2, conforming to the ACSSpecifications.6Other grades may be used provided it is firstascertained that the reagents are of sufficiently high purity topermit their use without lowering the accuracy of the determi-nation.7.3 Calcium Sulfate (Gypsum)(CaSO42H2O), conform-i
22、ng to the ACS specifications.6NOTE 1Calcium hydroxide and calcium sulfate are required only ifwhite water from the process evaluated is not available.7.4 Silica, from the same source that used in the processbeing evaluated, or alternatively ground quartz (SiO2), con-forming to the following specific
23、ations:SiO2content; 99 percent minimum.7.4.1 Wet sieve analysis by the technique described in TestMethod C430.U.S. Sieve No. Minimum Percent Passing80 99100 90200 85NOTE 2Silica is required only when testing asbestos-cement mixesintended for autoclave curing.FIG. 1 Drainage Funnel AssemblyFIG. 2 Dra
24、inage Funnel DetailC1119/C1119M 90 (2009)12LEGENDDimension mm in. Dimension mm in. Dimension mm in.A318 O38112 K-K 165 612B5316 Q461316 L-L 170 61116D12332 RI48 15764 M-M 180 7332E1038 B-B 62 2716 O-O 230 9EI102564 C-C 63 212 P-P 240 9716JI232932 G-G 130 5K 25 1 H-H 155 6 S-S 310 12L28116 T-T 420 16
25、12FIG. 3 Cone Mixer and Impeller DetailC1119/C1119M 90 (2009)13WarningWhen using silica, use reasonable precautions toavoid creating dust. Prolonged or frequent breathing of signifi-cant concentrations of airborne silica may cause serious bodilyharm.7.5 Cellulose and all other additives identical to
26、 those usedin the industrial process.7.6 Portland Cement or Pozzolan Cement, from the samesource as that used in the industrial process. Alternatively, useType I cement conforming to Specification C150.7.7 Saturated Water:7.7.1 If white water from the process is not available,prepare saturated water
27、 by adding 2 kg of Ca(OH)2and3kgofCaSO42H2O per m3of distilled water at 24 6 1C.7.7.2 Allow to stand 24 h agitating the water from time totime.7.7.3 Siphon off the saturated water into clean containers.7.7.4 If the temperature of the saturated water fluctuates,precipitation of the dissolved salts ma
28、y occur. For this reason,it is preferable to filter this water at the point of use, for wetmixing purposes.8. Hazards8.1 Warningsee 1.3.9. Sampling9.1 Take a sample in accordance with Test Method D2590for chrysotile asbestos, or in accordance with Test MethodD3879 for amphibole asbestos.9.2 Test Spe
29、cimen and Sample:9.2.1 The mass of fiber or fiber blend required per specimenis 10 6 0.05 g per specimen. Two specimens per sample arenormally required.9.2.2 The fiber shall be fiberized to the same specific surfacearea as that at which it will be utilized in the process underevaluation.LEGENDDimens
30、ion mm in. Dimension mm in. Dimension mm in.BI5316 O38112E1038 R478 F-F 110 414F11716H2034J2278 C-C 63 212N3114FIG. 4 Additional Wet Mixer DetailsFIG. 5 Wet Mixer AssemblyC1119/C1119M 90 (2009)1410. Procedure10.1 Fiberize the fiber, if required, as described in TestMethod D3752.10.2 Place the fiber
31、or fiber-blend specimen in the wet mixertogether with the following ingredients:Material QuantityCement 44 6 0.05 gSilica (if used)A29 6 0.05 gWhite water 470 6 1cm3AIf silica is not used, substitute an equal mass of additional cement.10.3 Mix for 2 min.10.4 Transfer the slurry to the drainage appar
32、atus. Immedi-ately, the slurry will coat the screen thus preventing the passageof air, and creating a vacuum. When the absolute pressuredecreases to 50 kPa (vacuum increases to 40 cm Hg) theelectric timer will start. The absolute pressure will continue todecrease to the set point of 8 6 0.02 kPa (va
33、cuum will increaseto 70 6 0.2 cm Hg), and remain at that point until the water hasdrained, and air can enter the system by passing through thefilter cake. Then the vacuum will be broken abruptly, and thetimer will stop when the absolute pressure reaches 50 kPavacuum of 40 cm Hg.10.5 Record this drai
34、nage time to the nearest second, andtest a second specimen.11. Calculation or Interpretation of Results11.1 Calculate the deviation from the mean of the twovalues recorded, and if this exceeds 66 %, carry out anadditional trial.12. Report12.1 Report the average of two, or three trials, as the casema
35、y be.12.2 Fully identify the sample as to designation and origin.13. Precision and Bias13.1 Precision:13.1.1 The single-apparatus multi-operator precision is 65.03 % (two sigma limits) as defined in Practice E177, over therange of from 35 to 430 s.13.1.2 The interlaboratory precision remains to be e
36、stimatedto comply with precision statement requirements.13.2 BiasNo justifiable statement can be made on the biasof this test method since the true value of the propertymeasured cannot be established by an accepted referee method.14. Keywords14.1 asbestos; asbestos-cement; dewatering; drainage;drain
37、age properties; drainage rate; drainage speed; drainagevelocity; suction; vacuum drainageASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination o
38、f the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.
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40、ents have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or
41、multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).C1119/C1119M 90 (2009)15
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