1、Designation: C1119/C1119M 90 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Test Method forVacuum Drainage of Asbestos-Cement Mixes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1119/C1119M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes a laboratory procedure forthe evaluation of asbestos fiber by measuring the rate ofdr
3、ainage under suction, of an asbestos-cement mixture.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues fro
4、m the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 WarningBreathing of asbestos dust is hazardous.Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated healthrisks for users and for those with whom they come into contact.In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-ce
5、ment products, minimize the dust that results. For informa-tion on the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Useof Chrysotile Asbestos: A Manual on Preventive and ControlMeasures.”21.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It
6、 is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Note 1 and 1.3for specific hazard warnings.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C150/C150M Specification for Por
7、tland CementC430 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by the45-m (No. 325) SieveC1124/C1124M Test Method for Kerosene Retention ofAsbestosD2590/D2590M Test Method for Sampling Chrysotile As-bestosD2946 Terminology for Asbestos and AsbestosCementProductsD3752 Test Method for Strength Imparted
8、 by Asbestos to aCementitious MatrixD3879 Test Method for Sampling Amphibole Asbestos(Withdrawn 2009)4D3880/D3880M Test Method for Asbestos Strength UnitsE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test Methods2.2 ACS Document:Specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents o
9、fthe American Chemical Society53. Terminology3.1 For definitions, refer to Terminology D2946.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The fiber to be evaluated is fiberized to simulate thespecific surface area at which it is used in the industrialprocess, and it is added to the same mix using representativeingr
10、edients and process water. If the latter is not available,saturated water may be substituted (see 7.7). The slurry isdewatered on a 177-m No. 80 screen cloth (or in accordancewith the Apparatus Section of Test Method D3752) under avacuum of 90 kPa 70 cm Hg. The end point is determined asthe point wh
11、en air begins to pass through the filter cake, andthe suction drops abruptly. The time taken to reach the endpoint is recorded and this is a function of the drainage rate ofthe mix.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method can be used to estimate the speed ofdrainage and the rate of production of
12、products from the fiberevaluated, in industrial applications. It may be applied to singlegrades of fiber, or to fiber blends, together with the same bindersystem and process water used in the process under evaluation.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C17 onFiber-Reinforce
13、d Cement Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC17.03 on Asbestos - Cement Sheet Products and Accessories.Current edition approved July 1, 2015. Published July 2015. Originally approvedin 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C1119 90(2009)1. DOI:10.1520/C1119_C1119M-90R
14、15.2Available from The Asbestos Institute, http:/ referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approv
15、ed version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.5Available from American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW, Washington,DC 20036.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16. Apparatus6.1 Drainage Apparatus, a
16、s described in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.The funnel shown in Fig. 1 shall be cemented to the bottom ofPart 3 of Fig. 2 to give an air-tight seal. Alternatively, theapparatus described in Test Method C1124/C1124M or in TestMethod D3752, may be used.6.2 Vacuum-Actuated SwitchSet to activate an electrictimer w
17、hen the pressure is between 50 kPa 40 cm Hg vacuumand 8 kPa 70 cm Hg vacuum. This switch shall be located atthe discharge of the drainage funnel, together with a manom-eter of from 0 to 50 kPa absolute 0 to 76 cm Hg vacuumcapacity, and a water trap with a capacity of 500 cm.6.3 Wet Mixer, as shown i
18、n Fig. 3, Fig. 4, and Fig. 5, capableof maintaining a speed of 62.8 6 2.6 rad/s 600 6 25 r/minunder load. Alternatively, the mixing apparatus, as described inTest Method D3880/D3880M, may be used.6.3.1 The impeller shall rotate clockwise when lookingfrom above, and the vanes shall be pitched so as t
19、o impel theslurry downward.6.3.2 Maximum clearance between the impeller and theconical wall of the wet mixer shall be set at 6.3 mm.6.3.3 The distance between the bottom of the impeller andthe top of the stopper shall be set at 1 6 0.1 cm.6.4 Source of Vacuum, at 90 6 0.2 kPa 70 6 0.2 cm Hg.6.5 Fibe
20、rizer, such as described in Test Method D3752. Thisis needed only if the fiber to be evaluated is not available at therequired degree of fiberization.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Reagents and Materials(See Note 1 and Note 2.)7.2 Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2, conforming to the ACSSpecifications.6Other g
21、rades may be used provided it is firstascertained that the reagents are of sufficiently high purity topermit their use without lowering the accuracy of the determi-nation.7.3 Calcium Sulfate (Gypsum)(CaSO42H2O), conform-ing to the ACS specifications.NOTE 1Calcium hydroxide and calcium sulfate are re
22、quired only ifwhite water from the process evaluated is not available.7.4 Silica, from the same source that used in the processbeing evaluated, or alternatively ground quartz (SiO2), con-forming to the following specifications:SiO2content; 99 percent minimum.7.4.1 Wet sieve analysis by the technique
23、 described in TestMethod C430.U.S. Sieve No. Minimum Percent Passing80 99100 90200 85NOTE 2Silica is required only when testing asbestos-cement mixesFIG. 1 Drainage Funnel AssemblyFIG. 2 Drainage Funnel DetailC1119/C1119M 90 (2015)2LEGENDDimension mm in. Dimension mm in. Dimension mm in.A318 O38112
24、K-K 165 612B5316 Q461316 L-L 170 61116D12332 RI48 15764 M-M 180 7332E1038 B-B 62 2716 O-O 230 9EI102564 C-C 63 212 P-P 240 9716JI232932 G-G 130 5K 25 1 H-H 155 6 S-S 310 12L28116 T-T 420 1612FIG. 3 Cone Mixer and Impeller DetailC1119/C1119M 90 (2015)3intended for autoclave curing.WarningWhen using s
25、ilica, use reasonable precautions toavoid creating dust. Prolonged or frequent breathing of signifi-cant concentrations of airborne silica may cause serious bodilyharm.7.5 Cellulose and all other additives identical to those usedin the industrial process.7.6 Portland Cement or Pozzolan Cement, from
26、the samesource as that used in the industrial process. Alternatively, useType I cement conforming to Specification C150/C150M.7.7 Saturated Water:7.7.1 If white water from the process is not available,prepare saturated water by adding 2 kg of Ca(OH)2and3kgofCaSO42H2O per m3of distilled water at 24 6
27、 1C.7.7.2 Allow to stand 24 h agitating the water from time totime.7.7.3 Siphon off the saturated water into clean containers.7.7.4 If the temperature of the saturated water fluctuates,precipitation of the dissolved salts may occur. For this reason,it is preferable to filter this water at the point
28、of use, for wetmixing purposes.8. Hazards8.1 Warningsee 1.3.9. Sampling9.1 Take a sample in accordance with Test Method D2590/D2590M for chrysotile asbestos, or in accordance with TestMethod D3879 for amphibole asbestos.9.2 Test Specimen and Sample:9.2.1 The mass of fiber or fiber blend required per
29、 specimenis 10 6 0.05 g per specimen. Two specimens per sample arenormally required.9.2.2 The fiber shall be fiberized to the same specific surfacearea as that at which it will be utilized in the process underevaluation.LEGENDDimension mm in. Dimension mm in. Dimension mm in.BI5316 O38112E1038 R478
30、F-F 110 414F11716H2034J2278 C-C 63 212N3114FIG. 4 Additional Wet Mixer DetailsFIG. 5 Wet Mixer AssemblyC1119/C1119M 90 (2015)410. Procedure10.1 Fiberize the fiber, if required, as described in TestMethod D3752.10.2 Place the fiber or fiber-blend specimen in the wet mixertogether with the following i
31、ngredients:Material QuantityCement 44 0.05 gSilica (if used)A290.05gWhitewater 4701cm3AIf silica is not used, substitute an equal mass of additional cement.10.3 Mix for 2 min.10.4 Transfer the slurry to the drainage apparatus.Immediately, the slurry will coat the screen thus preventing thepassage of
32、 air, and creating a vacuum. When the absolutepressure decreases to 50 kPa (vacuum increases to 40 cm Hg)the electric timer will start. The absolute pressure will continueto decrease to the set point of 8 6 0.02 kPa (vacuum willincrease to 70 6 0.2 cm Hg), and remain at that point until thewater has
33、 drained, and air can enter the system by passingthrough the filter cake. Then the vacuum will be brokenabruptly, and the timer will stop when the absolute pressurereaches 50 kPa vacuum of 40 cm Hg.10.5 Record this drainage time to the nearest second, andtest a second specimen.11. Calculation or Int
34、erpretation of Results11.1 Calculate the deviation from the mean of the twovalues recorded, and if this exceeds 66 %, carry out anadditional trial.12. Report12.1 Report the average of two, or three trials, as the casemay be.12.2 Fully identify the sample as to designation and origin.13. Precision an
35、d Bias13.1 Precision:13.1.1 The single-apparatus multi-operator precision is65.03 % (two sigma limits) as defined in Practice E177, overthe range of from 35 to 430 s.13.1.2 The interlaboratory precision remains to be estimatedto comply with precision statement requirements.13.2 BiasNo justifiable st
36、atement can be made on the biasof this test method since the true value of the propertymeasured cannot be established by an accepted referee method.14. Keywords14.1 asbestos; asbestos-cement; dewatering; drainage;drainage properties; drainage rate; drainage speed; drainagevelocity; suction; vacuum d
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41、ddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 90 (2015)5
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