1、Designation: C 1119 90 (Reapproved 2004)e1Standard Test Method forVacuum Drainage of Asbestos-Cement Mixes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1119; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEAsbestos warning was moved from 8.1 to 1.3 in September 2004.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes a laboratory procedure fort
3、he evaluation of asbestos fiber by measuring the rate ofdrainage under suction, of an asbestos-cement mixture.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 WarningBreathing of asbestos dust is hazardous.Asbestos and a
4、sbestos products present demonstrated healthrisks for users and for those with whom they come into contact.In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For informa-tion on the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Useof Chry
5、sotile Asbestos: A Manual on Preventive and ControlMeasures.”21.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica
6、-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Note 1 and 1.3for specific hazard warnings.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C 150 Specification for Portland CementC 430 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement bythe 45-m (No. 325) SieveC 1124 Test Method for Kerosene Retention of A
7、sbestosD 2590 Test Method for Sampling Chrysotile AsbestosD 2946 Terminology for Asbestos and Asbestos-CementProductsD 3752 Test Method for Strength Imparted by Asbestos to aCement MatrixD 3879 Test Method for Sampling Amphibole AsbestosD 3880 Test Method for Asbestos-Fiber Strength UnitE 177 Practi
8、ce for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test Methods2.2 ACS Document:Specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents ofthe American Chemical Society43. Terminology3.1 For definitions, refer to Terminology D 2946.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The fiber to be evaluated is fiberized to
9、simulate thespecific surface area at which it is used in the industrialprocess, and it is added to the same mix using representativeingredients and process water. If the latter is not available,saturated water may be substituted (see 7.7). The slurry isdewatered on a 177-m (No. 80) screen cloth (or
10、in accordancewith the Apparatus Section of Test Method D 3752) under avacuum of 90 kPa (70 cm Hg). The end point is determined asthe point when air begins to pass through the filter cake, andthe suction drops abruptly. The time taken to reach the endpoint is recorded and this is a function of the dr
11、ainage rate ofthe mix.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method can be used to estimate the speed ofdrainage and the rate of production of products from the fiberevaluated, in industrial applications. It may be applied to singlegrades of fiber, or to fiber blends, together with the same bindersyst
12、em and process water used in the process under evaluation.6. Apparatus6.1 Drainage Apparatus, as described in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.The funnel shown in Fig. 1 shall be cemented to the bottom ofPart 3 of Fig. 2 to give an air-tight seal. Alternatively, the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of AS
13、TM Committee C-17 onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC17.03 on AsbestosCement Sheet Products and Accessories.Current edition approved June 1, 2004. Published July 2004. Originally approvedin 1989. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as C 1119 90 (19
14、99).2Available from The Asbestos Institute, http:/ referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from
15、 American Chemical Society, 1155 16th St. NW, Washington,DC 20036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.apparatus described in Test Method C 1124 or in Test MethodD 3752, may be used.6.2 Vacuum-Actuated SwitchSet to activat
16、e an electrictimer when the pressure is between 50 kPa (40 cm Hg vacuum)and 8 kPa (70 cm Hg vacuum). This switch shall be located atthe discharge of the drainage funnel, together with a manom-eter of from 0 to 50 kPa absolute (0 to 76 cm Hg vacuum)capacity, and a water trap with a capacity of 500 cm
17、.6.3 Wet Mixer, as shown in Fig. 3, Fig. 4, and Fig. 5, capableof maintaining a speed of 62.8 6 2.6 rad/s (600 6 25 r/min)under load. Alternatively, the mixing apparatus, as described inTest Method D 3880, may be used.6.3.1 The impeller shall rotate clockwise when lookingfrom above, and the vanes sh
18、all be pitched so as to impel theslurry downward.6.3.2 Maximum clearance between the impeller and theconical wall of the wet mixer shall be set at 6.3 mm.6.3.3 The distance between the bottom of the impeller andthe top of the stopper shall be set at 1 6 0.1 cm.6.4 Source of Vacuum,at906 0.2 kPa (70
19、6 0.2 cm Hg).6.5 Fiberizer, such as described in Test Method D 3752.This is needed only if the fiber to be evaluated is not availableat the required degree of fiberization.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Reagents and Materials(See Note 1 and Note 2.)7.2 Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2, conforming to the ACSS
20、pecifications.6Other grades may be used provided it is firstascertained that the reagents are of sufficiently high purity topermit their use without lowering the accuracy of the determi-nation.7.3 Calcium Sulfate (Gypsum)(CaSO42H2O), conform-ing to the ACS specifications.6NOTE 1Calcium hydroxide and
21、 calcium sulfate are required only ifwhite water from the process evaluated is not available.7.4 Silica, from the same source that used in the processbeing evaluated, or alternatively ground quartz (SiO2), con-forming to the following specifications:SiO2content; 99 percent minimum.7.4.1 Wet sieve an
22、alysis by the technique described in TestMethod C 430.U.S. Sieve No. Minimum Percent Passing80 99100 90200 85NOTE 2Silica is required only when testing asbestos-cement mixesintended for autoclave curing.NOTE 3CautionWhen using silica, use reasonable precautions toavoid creating dust. Prolonged or fr
23、equent breathing of significantconcentrations of airborne silica may cause serious bodily harm.7.5 Cellulose and all other additives identical to those usedin the industrial process.FIG. 1 Drainage Funnel AssemblyFIG. 2 Drainage Funnel DetailC 1119 90 (2004)e127.6 Portland Cement or Pozzolan Cement,
24、 from the samesource as that used in the industrial process. Alternatively, useType I cement conforming to Specification C 150.7.7 Saturated Water:7.7.1 If white water from the process is not available,prepare saturated water by adding 2 kg of Ca(OH)2and3kgofCaSO42H2O per m5of distilled water at 24
25、6 1C.7.7.2 Allow to stand 24 h agitating the water from time totime.7.7.3 Siphon off the saturated water into clean containers.7.7.4 If the temperature of the saturated water fluctuates,precipitation of the dissolved salts may occur. For this reason,it is preferable to filter this water at the point
26、 of use, for wetmixing purposes.8. Hazards8.1 Warningsee 1.3.9. Sampling9.1 Take a sample in accordance with Test Method D 2590for chrysotile asbestos, or in accordance with Test MethodD 3879 for amphibole asbestos.9.2 Test Specimen and Sample:9.2.1 The mass of fiber or fiber blend required per spec
27、imenis 10 6 0.05 g per specimen. Two specimens per sample arenormally required.9.2.2 The fiber shall be fiberized to the same specific surfacearea as that at which it will be utilized in the process underevaluation.10. Procedure10.1 Fiberize the fiber, if required, as described in TestMethod D 3752.
28、10.2 Place the fiber or fiber-blend specimen in the wet mixertogether with the following ingredients:Material QuantityCement 44 6 0.05 gSilica (if used)A29 6 0.05 gWhite water 470 6 1cm3AIf silica is not used, substitute an equal mass of additional cement.10.3 Mix for 2 min.10.4 Transfer the slurry
29、to the drainage apparatus. Immedi-ately, the slurry will coat the screen thus preventing the passageof air, and creating a vacuum. When the absolute pressuredecreases to 50 kPa (vacuum increases to 40 cm Hg) theelectric timer will start. The absolute pressure will continue toLEGENDDimension mm in. D
30、imension mm in. Dimension mm in.A318 O38112 K-K 165 612B5316 Q461316 L-L 170 61116D12332 RI48 15764 M-M 180 7332E1038 B-B 62 2716 O-O 230 9EI102564 C-C 63 212 P-P 240 9716JI232932 G-G 130 5K 25 1 H-H 155 6 S-S 310 12L28116 T-T 420 1612FIG. 3 Cone Mixer and Impeller DetailC 1119 90 (2004)e13decrease
31、to the set point of 8 6 0.02 kPa (vacuum will increaseto 70 6 0.2 cm Hg), and remain at that point until the water hasdrained, and air can enter the system by passing through thefilter cake. Then the vacuum will be broken abruptly, and thetimer will stop when the absolute pressure reaches 50 kPa(vac
32、uum of 40 cm Hg).10.5 Record this drainage time to the nearest second, andtest a second specimen.11. Calculation or Interpretation of Results11.1 Calculate the deviation from the mean of the twovalues recorded, and if this exceeds 66 %, carry out anadditional trial.12. Report12.1 Report the average
33、of two, or three trials, as the casemay be.12.2 Fully identify the sample as to designation and origin.13. Precision and Bias13.1 Precision:13.1.1 The single-apparatus multi-operator precision is 65.03 % (two sigma limits) as defined in Practice E 177, overthe range of from 35 to 430 s.13.1.2 The in
34、terlaboratory precision remains to be estimatedto comply with precision statement requirements.13.2 BiasNo justifiable statement can be made on the biasof this test method since the true value of the propertymeasured cannot be established by an accepted referee method.14. Keywords14.1 asbestos; asbe
35、stos-cement; dewatering; drainage;drainage properties; drainage rate; drainage speed; drainagevelocity; suction; vacuum drainageLEGENDDimension mm in. Dimension mm in. Dimension mm in.BI5316 O38112E1038 R478 F-F 110 414F11716H2034J2278 C-C 63 212N3114FIG. 4 Additional Wet Mixer DetailsFIG. 5 Wet Mix
36、er AssemblyC 1119 90 (2004)e14ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof in
37、fringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this stan
38、dard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your v
39、iews known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).C 1119 90 (2004)e15
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