ASTM C1145-2006 Standard Terminology of Advanced Ceramics《高级陶瓷的标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: C 1145 06Standard Terminology ofAdvanced Ceramics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1145; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates

2、 the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology contains definitions and explanatorynotes for the principal words, phrases, and terms used inadvanced ceramics technology. The given definitions are

3、technology-specific and are directly applicable to the design,production, testing, analysis, characterization, and use ofadvanced ceramics for structural, electronic, coating, energy,chemical, nuclear, biomedical, and environmental applications.1.2 The purpose of the standard terminology is to provi

4、de acollected technical resource and reference that promotes acommon understanding of the principal technical terms usedwithin the advanced ceramics community and encourages theuse of uniform terminology in specifications and reports.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 242 Terminology of Ce

5、ramic Whitewares and RelatedProductsC 1259 Test Method for Dynamic Youngs Modulus, ShearModulus, and Poissons Ratio for Advanced Ceramics byImpulse Excitation of VibrationC 1368 Test Method for Determination of Slow CrackGrowth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by ConstantStress-Rate Flexural Testing

6、at Ambient TemperatureC 1421 Test Methods for Determination of Fracture Tough-ness of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature3. Terminologyabsorbed moisture, nwater held within the materials andhaving physical properties not substantially different fromordinary water at the same temperature and pre

7、ssure.advanced ceramic, na highly engineered, high perfor-mance, predominately non-metallic, inorganic, ceramic ma-terial having specific functional attributes.agglomerate, nas used in fractography, a cluster of grains,particles, platelets, or whiskers, or a combination thereof,present in a larger s

8、olid mass.aggregate, na dense mass of particles held together bystrong intermolecular or atomic cohesive forces. It is stableto normal handling and ordinary mixing techniques includ-ing high-speed stirring and ultrasonics.(C 242)back-face strain, nthe strain as meaured with a strain gagemounted long

9、itudinally on the compressive surface of thespecimen, opposite the crack or notch mouth (often this isthe top surface of the specimen as tested). (C 1421)base exchange, na surface property exhibited by collodialinorganic materials, usually clays, whereby absorbed surfacecations are replaced by other

10、 cations.body, nthe structural portion of a ceramic article, or thematerial or mixture from which it is made.(C 242)calcine, v (calcination, n)firing or heating a granular orparticulate solid at less than fusion temperature, but suffi-cient to remove most of its chemically combined volatilematter (t

11、hat is, H2O, CO2) and otherwise to develop thedesired properties for use.capillary action, nthe phenomenon of intrusion of a liquidinto interconnected small voids, pores, and channels in asolid, resulting from surface tension.casting, drain (hollow casting), vforming ceramic ware byintroducing a bod

12、y slip into an open, porous mold, and thendraining off the remaining slip when the cast piece hasreached the desired thickness.(C 242)cermet, na composite material or article comprised of aceramic and a metal or metal alloy, interdistributed in any ofvarious geometrical forms but intimately bonded t

13、ogether.chatter, nan undesirable pattern created on the surface of awork piece, usually at regularly spaced intervals, due to anout-of-round, out-of-balance condition or due to an inducednatural frequency, or its harmonics, or both, in a grindingmachine.colloidal particle, na dispersed particle with

14、 a linear dimen-sion of 5 to 100 minution, nthe act or process of reduction in particlesize, usually but not necessarily by grinding or positional inhomogeneity, (CI), nas used in fractogra-phy, a volume-distributed flaw that is a microstructural1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Co

15、mmittee C28 onAdvanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.91 onNomenclature and Editorial.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2006. Published January 2006. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C 1145 05.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit th

16、e ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,

17、United States.irregularity related to the nonuniform distribution of anadditive, a different crystalline or glass phase or in amultiphase material, the nonuniform distribution of a secondphase.continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composite,na ceramic matrix composite in which the reinforcingph

18、ase(s) consists of continuous filaments, fibers, yarn, braid,or knitted or woven fabrics.crack, (CK), nas used in fractography, a volume-distributedflaw that is a plane of fracture without complete separation.crack deflection, na toughening mechanism in advancedceramics or ceramic matrix composites

19、characterized byfracture surface roughening and crack tilting/twisting duringpropagation around grains or a reinforcing componentcaused by stress fields around the grains or componentdeveloped through mismatches in thermal expansion ormechanical properties (such as elastic modulus), or both,between

20、grains or between reinforcement and matrix.crack orientation, na description of the plane and directionof a fracture in relation to a characteristic direction of theproduct. This identification is designated by a letter or lettersindicating the plane and direction of crack extension. Theletter or le

21、tters represent the direction normal to the crackplane and the direction of crack propagation. (C 1421)creep, nthe time-dependent part of a strain resulting fromstress.deairing, nthe process of removing entrapped air or ab-sorbed air from a mass or slurry, usually by application of avacuum.depth of

22、penetration, n(1) the distance a penetrant hasentered into a solid material as measured from the surface ofthe material; (2) the maximum depth at which a magnetic orultrasonic indication can be measured in a test specimen.diamond paste, ndiamond dust dispersed in a paste or slurryfor use as a grindi

23、ng or polishing compound.diamond tool, nany tool in which the working area is insetwith diamonds or diamond dust.diamond wheel, na bonded grinding wheel in which theabrasive grains are crushed and sized natural or syntheticdiamonds.discontinuous fiber-reinforced composite, na ceramic ma-trix composi

24、te material reinforced by chopped fibers.dish grinder, na grinding machine equipped with a dish-shaped abrasive wheel as a grinding mechanismdish wheel, ndish-shaped abrasive grinding wheel.disk feeder, na rotating disk beneath the opening of a binwhich delivers material from the bin at a specified

25、rate bycontrolling the rate of rotation of the disk and the size of thegate opening of the bin.disk grinder, na grinding machine equipped with a largeabrasive disk as the work mechanism.disk wheel, na bonded abrasive wheel mounted on a plate sothat grinding may be done on the side of the wheel.drag,

26、 nthe resistance of the foot or base of a ceramic articleto shrinkage during firing time due to friction with the slabor sagger on which it rests.dressing, n(1) the process of restoring the efficiency of anabrasive grinding wheel by removal of dulled grains; (2)reshaping the faces of grinding wheels

27、 to special contours.drum dryer, na heated, rotating drum in which tumbling orcascading raw materials are dried.drying oven, na closed unit in which specimens are dried byheating.dry milling, nthe process of reducing the particle size of asubstance by milling without the use of a liquid medium.dry s

28、creening, nthe process of separating small sizes ofgranular or powdered solids from coarser particles bypassing them through a screen of desired mesh size while inthe dry state.drying shrinkage, nthe contraction of a moist body duringthe drying process, expressed as linear percent of the originallen

29、gth or volume percent of the original volume.drying, vacuum, nthe technique of expediting the removalof moisture from a material or body by the use of a vacuumin conjunction with a conventional drying system.dual-drum mixer, na mixer consisting of a long drumcontaining two compartments separated by

30、a bulkhead witha swinging chute extending through the unit.durability, nthe property of an article of being resistant tophysical or chemical damage, or both, under the usualconditions of service, and of being useful over extendedperiods of time and use.dust pressing, nthe process of forming ceramic

31、bodies of1.5 % or less water content by pressing in a mold.elastic limit, nthe greatest stress that a material is capable ofsustaining without permanent strain remaining upon com-plete release of the stress. (C 1259)elastic modulus, nthe ratio of stress to strain below theproportional limit. (C 1259

32、)electric furnace, na furnace or kiln in which the mainsource of heat is provided by electrical means.electrical contact, nany physical contact between two ormore parts which will permit the flow of electricity betweenthe parts.electrophoresis, nthe movement of colloidal particles ormacromolecules t

33、hrough a solution under the action of anelectromotive force applied through electrodes in contactwith the solution.emissivity, nthe ratio of the radiation given off by thesurface of a body to the radiation given off by a perfect blackbody at the same temperature.emulsification, nthe process of dispe

34、rsing an immiscibleliquid in another liquid.endothermic reaction, na chemical reaction in which heatis absorbed.endurance, thermal, nthe ability of a ceramic product towithstand thermal shock or to withstand deterioration duringexposure to high temperatures.C1145062erosion resistance, electrical, nt

35、he resistance of electricalinsulating materials to erosion by the action of electricaldischarges.exothermic reaction, na chemical reaction in which heat isevolved.extrude, vto shape a plastic body by forcing the bodythrough a die.extruder, na device, such as a pug mill, that forces plasticbodies thr

36、ough a die of appropriate shape and size in acontinuous column.feed, gravity, nthe movement of materials from one con-tainer to another container or location by force of gravity.filament, na long flexible thread of small cross section,usually extruded or drawn.film, na thin coating or layer of a sub

37、stance over the surfaceof another material.fineness, na measurement number designating the particlesize of a material, usually reported as passing a screen of aparticular standard size.fines, nthe portions of a powder composed of particlessmaller than a specified size.finish grinding, nthe completio

38、n of a grinding operation toobtain a desired surface appearance or accurate dimensions.firing expansion, nthe increase in the dimensions of asubstance or product during thermal treatment.fissures, nsurface defects consisting of narrow openings orcracks.fixed-feed grinding, nthe process of feeding a

39、material to beground to a grinding wheel at a given rate or in specificincrements.flexural strength, na measure of the ultimate strength of aspecified beam in bending.flexural strength, na measure of the strength of a specifiedbeam specimen in bending determined at a given stress ratein a particular

40、 environment. (C 1368)fluid carrier, na fluid in which particles are suspended tofacilitate their movement or application.fluid-energy mill, na size-reduction apparatus in whichgrinding is achieved by the collision of the particles beingground in a high-velocity steam of air, steam, or other fluid.f

41、luorescent penetrant, nan inspection penetrant which fluo-resces or glows in ultraviolet light.fluxing agent, nany substance which will promote fusion ofceramic materials.four-point-14 point flexure, nconfiguration of flexuralstrength testing where a specimen is symmetrically loaded attwo locations

42、that are situated one quarter of the overallspan, away from the outer two support bearings.fractionation, elastic, na process in which soft aggregate isseparated from harder aggregate by hurling the compositeaggregate against a steel plate, the hard particles reboundingfarther from the plate than th

43、e softer, more friable particles.fractography, nmeans and methods for characterizing afractured specimen or component.fracture origin, nthe source from which brittle fracturecommences.fracture, spontaneous, ncracking or chipping which occurswithout immediately apparent external causes.fracture tough

44、ness, na generic term for measures of resis-tance to crack extension.furnace, arc-image, na furnace in which high temperaturesare produced by focusing radiation from high-temperaturearcs into the furnace chamber.furnace, image, na furnace in which high temperatures aregenerated by focusing radiation

45、 from a high-temperaturesource, such as the sun or an electric arc.furnace, recuperative, na furnace equipped with a heatexchanger in which heat is conducted from the combustionproducts through a system of ducts or through flue walls ina manner so as to preheat the air as it enters the burner tounit

46、e with the fuel.furnace, regenerative, na furnace having a cyclic heatexchanger which alternately receives heat from gaseouscombustion products and transfers heat to the air or gas ofthe fuel mixture before combustion takes place.furnace, solar, nan image-type furnace in which solarradiation is focu

47、sed into a relatively small area as a source ofheat producing extremely high temperatures.furnace, thermal gradient, na tubular furnace in which acontrolled temperature gradient is maintained along itslength.fuse, vto melt or join by the use of heat.fusion casting, nthe process of forming items by c

48、astingmolten materials in mold.fusion point, nthe temperature or range of temperatures atwhich melting or softening, as a result of partial melting, ofa composition, will occur.fusion test, nany test to determine the temperature or rangeof temperatures at which fusion takes place, or to determinethe

49、 flow or other properties of a material at fusion tempera-tures.gel, na semisolid system consisting of a network of solidaggregates in which liquid is held.handling damage, (HD), nas used in fractography,scratches, chips, cracks, etc., due to the handling of thespecimen/component.homogeneous, adjthe condition of a material in which therelevant properties (composition, structure, density, and soforth) are not a function of position for sample size used, sothat a small sample tak