ASTM C119-2008 Standard Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone.pdf

1、Designation: C 119 08Standard Terminology Relating toDimension Stone1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 119; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indi

2、cates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONDimension stone, as used here, is natural stone that has been selected and fabr

3、icated to specific sizesor shapes, with or without one or more mechanically dressed or finished surfaces, for use as buildingfacing, curbing, paving stone, monuments and memorials, and various industrial products. The termdimension stone is in contradistinction to crushed and broken stone, such as i

4、s used for aggregate,roadstone, fill, or chemical raw materials. Because all stone is a natural material, the definitionexcludes all manmade materials that simulate stone. In common practice, some dimension stones arereinforced, filled, or surface treated.Terms used in definitions and nomenclature s

5、hall be interpreted in accordance with commonlyaccepted scientific and technical terms of the geological sciences except as otherwise specificallynoted.Examples of such exceptions are the broader commercial definitions of granite and marble, whichhave become well established in the dimension stone i

6、ndustry and trade. Definitions and termsincluded in these definitions have been formulated in accordance with common industrial usage wherethis is not in conflict with current scientific usage.GENERAL TERMSanchorin general, a metal shape inserted into a slot or holein the stone that provides for the

7、 transfer of loads from thestone to the building structure, either directly or through anintermediate structure.anchoragethe system consisting of stone, anchor and pri-mary structure, secondary structure or back-up preventinglateral movement of the stone.arristhe junction of two planes of the same s

8、tone forming anexternal edge.ashlar(1) a squared block of building stone; (2) a masonryof such stones; (3) a thin-dressed rectangle of stone forfacing of walls (often called ashlar veneer).building stonenatural rock of adequate quality to be quar-ried and cut as dimension stone as it exists in natur

9、e, as usedin the construction industry.chipan irregularly shaped fragment dislodged from a stonesurface.claddingnonload-bearing stone used as the facing materialin wall construction that contains other materials.copingdimension stone used as the top course of a masonrywall, often sloped to shed wate

10、r.cracka partial break in the stone (see fracture, microcrack,seam).cubic stockin general, a thick dimension stone unit which isnot precisely defined in terms of thickness for every kind ofstone, particularly for limestone and sandstone. For marbleor granite, cubic stock is a unit that is greater th

11、an 50 mm inthickness. For limestone, cubic stock is a unit that is greaterthan 75 mm to 100 mm in thickness, and for sandstone, aunit that is greater than 150 mm to 200 mm in thickness. (Incontrast, see thin stone.)cut stonestone fabricated to specific dimensions.dimension stonenatural stone that ha

12、s been selected andfabricated to specific sizes or shapes.DISCUSSIONThe term dimension stone is in contradistinction tocrushed and broken stone, such as is used for aggregate, roadstone, fill,or chemical raw materials. In common practice, some dimension stonesare reinforced, filled, or surface treat

13、ed.dressed stoneSee cut stone, finished stone.durabilitythe measure of the ability of dimension stone toendure and to maintain its essential and distinctive charac-teristics of strength, resistance to decay, and appearance.Durability is based on the length of time that a stone can1This terminology i

14、s under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 onDimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.91 onNomenclature and Definitions.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2008. Published March 2008. Originallyapproved in 1926. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C 119 07a.1Copyri

15、ght ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.maintain its innate characteristics in use. This time will varydepending on the environment, the use, and the finish of thestone in question (for example, outdoor versus indoor use).dry seama

16、natural separation that has not been filled orbonded.fabricationwhen applied to dimension stone, any of theprocesses involved in changing a raw stone piece to its finalend use form. This includes, but is not limited to cutting,splitting, grinding, drilling, or face-finishing.fading (slate)a slate th

17、at has a significant color changewithin the first year of exposure to weather, often the resultof chemical alteration of the iron minerals.finished stonedimension stone with one or more mechani-cally exposed surfaces.fillingthe application of materials, often cements or syntheticresins, into natural

18、 voids in a stone during fabrication.fissurea naturally occurring separation which may or maynot affect the performance of the stone.flooringstone used as in interior pedestrian wearing surface.fracturea complete break in the stone (see crack, microc-rack, seam).freestonea stone having little or no

19、preferential direction ofsplitting which may be cut freely in any direction withoutfracture or splitting.grain(1) a distinguishable rock constituent which itself hasa distinct identity, for example, a mineral crystal, an oolith,a rock fragment (in sedimentary rocks), or clast.(2) a direction in a ro

20、ck body along which it is more easilybroken, split, or cut. See rift.granularcomposed of particles visible to the unaided eye.For sedimentary stone, the predominant particle distributionis less than 4 mm in size.hysteresisthe residual strain in stone after the stress causingsuch strain is changed.in

21、stallationthe process of assembling dimension stone into astructure.laminationlayers of material bonded together.linera small block of stone secured to the rear face of adimension stone panel with pins and adhesive for thepurpose of providing a concealed horizontal bearing surface(see Fig. 3a and 3b

22、 in C 1242).microcracka crack too small to be seen with the unaided eye(see crack, fracture, seam).microfissurea fissure that cannot be seen with the naked eye.monumental stonerock of adequate quality to be quarriedand cut as dimension stone as it exists in nature, as used inthe monument and memoria

23、l industry.open seamsunfilled fissures or naturally occurring cracks instone.panelcut stone with face dimensions large in relation to itsthickness, for placement in a building structure or frameassembly.pavingstone used in an interior pedestrian wearing surfaceas in patios, walkways, driveways, and

24、the like. (Seeflooring)pitssmall depressions, voids or pinholes in stone, especiallyon a finished surface.polished finisha surface that has high luster and strongreflection of incident light.processingthe work involved in transforming quarry blocksinto dimension stone, including sawing, drilling, gr

25、inding,honing, polishing, carving, and all other operations neces-sary for installation.resinationa cosmetic enhancement to stone slabs containingpits, fissures, cracks or other surface irregularities in whichan adhesive resin of epoxy, polyester, or acrylic base hasbeen applied to the slab face and

26、 allowed to cure prior to thepolishing of the slab.ribbonin some slate, narrow bands of contrasting color orappearance differing in some degree in chemical composi-tion from the main body.rift(1) a consistent direction or trend in a rock body alongwhich the rock is most easily split or broken.(2) Th

27、e grain orientation in stone, particularly in sedimen-tary stones, showing more or less clearly how the stone wasoriginally bedded, and with or without color or grain-sizechanges, or voids and hollow.rocka naturally occurring, consolidated aggregation of oneor more minerals constituting the crust of

28、 the Earth.rustication (or reveal)a continuous groove cut within theface or along the edge of a dimension stone panel, usuallyfor the purpose of visually imitating or accentuating a jointlocation (see Fig. 1).seama naturally filled or bonded feature in the stone, such asa streak or a vein, which may

29、 or may not adversely affect thestrength of a stone (see crack, fracture, microcrack).shaped stonedimension stone processed by carving, grind-ing, sawing, or other means into specific nonplanar configu-rations.shop drawingswhen applied to dimension stone , a highlyFIG. 1 RusticationC119082detailed d

30、rawing that shows the net dimensions, joint dimen-sions, anchor locations and orientations, of the dimensionstone and the relationship with the other building materialsbeing used.slaba piece of stone produced by shaving or splitting in thefirst milling or quarrying operation. A slab has two parallel

31、surfaces.snipthe area of a stone surface from which a chip has beendislodged.sound stonestone which is free of cracks, fissures, or otherphysical defects.spalls(1) fragments or chips from a piece of dimensionstone. (2) waste stone usually of small size from thequarrying and milling of dimension lime

32、stone.stickinga method of repairing the butt edge of a brokenpiece of stone, generally done with dowels, cements, orepoxies. The pieces are “stuck” together, thus “sticking”.stonea naturally-consolidated substance formed from min-erals, geologically synonymous with rock (see rock, seedimension stone

33、 if selected or fabricated).DISCUSSIONThis term does not include any manufactured stone-likeproducts or manmade materials that simulate stone.texture(1) a modified appearance of dimension stone result-ing from one or several mechanical surface treatments.Untreated stone surfaces have textural charac

34、teristics de-scribed under (2).(2) that aspect of the physical appearance of a rock that isdetermined by size, shape, and mutual relations of the compo-nent grains or crystals. Textures related to dimension stoneinclude equigranular (grains of approximately the same size);inequigranular (grains of m

35、arkedly unequal sizes); porphyritic(see Note 2 under Granite Group); interlocking (in whichgrains with irregular boundaries interlock by mutual penetra-tion); interlocking and porphyritic textures are characteristic ofgranites and marbles; clastic (naturally cemented fragmentalgrains but without mos

36、aic or interlocking relations; this textureis typical of sandstones and some limestones); mosaic (closelypacked grains with smooth to moderately irregular, noninter-locking mutual boundaries); granoblastic (a megascopicallygranular mosaic texture in which the grains are tightly com-pacted and the mi

37、nerals are dominantly equidimensional andpresent irregular mutual boundaries; mosaic and granoblastictextures are characteristic of metamorphic rocks).thermal hysteresisthe permanent, incremental deformationof certain stones due to thermal cycling, usually associatedwith loss of strength.thin stone/

38、thin veneera cladding under 50 mm (2-in.) thick.tilea thin modular stone unit.unfading (slate)a slate that shows no significant colorchange within the first year of exposure.veiningthe presence in an otherwise homogeneous stone ofbands, streaks or irregular bodies of a contrasting color orappearance

39、 and frequently having a different mineralogicalcomposition to the predominant material. “Veining” does notapply to gneiss, commercial granite types, and slate (seeribbon).veneera nonload-bearing facing of stone attached to abacking for the purpose of ornamentation, protection, orinsulation.DISCUSS

40、IONVeneer shall support no vertical load other than its ownweight and possibly the vertical dead load of veneer above.walls, veneeredSee veneer.waxingthe practice of filling minor surface voids in stonewith certain polyester compounds, cabinetmakers wax, ormelted shellac. (It does not refer to the a

41、pplication of pastewax to make the surface shinier.)wearthe removal of material or impairment of surface finishthrough friction or impact.DISCUSSIONWear is an artificial process. The rate of wear may beaffected by chemical action.weatheringnatural alteration by either chemical or mechani-cal process

42、es due to the action of constituents of theatmosphere, surface water or ground water, or to temperaturechange.DISCUSSIONChanges by weathering are not necessarily undesirableor harmful; rather they may enhance the texture and color of the stone.STONE FINISHESBY FAMILYEvery material used in constructi

43、on has a finish or surface;dimension stone has a plethora of finishes. This sectiondescribes common finishes and classifies them into a number offamilies by relief or roughness. The finishes in each family arealso arranged from the least relief to the most relief.Stone finishes are a complex matter

44、for a number of reasons.New manufacturing or finishing methods or variations orcombinations of other methods of finishing stone are continu-ally being developed. Stone finish names sometimes overlap orare variations of other finishes.Finish options for any kind of stone vary by the geologiccategory

45、of the stone (whether igneous, metamorphic, orsedimentary) and the unique combination of geological orphysical properties of the stone type. This means that anyparticular finish cannot be put on every type of stone (seeApplicability of Finishes for Various Stone Types Table inGuide C 1528 for Select

46、ion of Dimension Stone for ExteriorUse). The individual definitions are sometimes nonspecific ornearly overlap. In practice, a detailed definition of a specificstone finish is established between the producer and designerthrough dialogue, or reference sample(s), or both.The family or individual titl

47、e “finish” will be used uniformlythroughout this section for ease of reference, although the term“surface” would be more accurate when no work has been doneon it and no improvements made postquarry (as in certainrough finishes; see Note 2). “Surface” will be used uniformlyin the sense of the outward

48、 appearance or face of the stone.Thus we have the Least Textured Finishes (family) and thePolished (finish)a highly-reflective surface, and so forth.Surface VariationThe dimensions of variation in surface profile given in thefollowing definitions are for indicative purposes only. Thevalues do not de

49、note acceptable tolerances or minimum ormaximum values of surface variation for any given finish.C119083LEAST TEXTURED FINISHES(less than 1 mm 132 in. of surface variation)polisheda highly-reflective surface, produced by mechanicalabrasion and buffing.honeda non-reflective to semi-reflective superfine satin-likesurface with no surface pattern, produced by mechanicalabrasion.smootha non-reflective surface with a barely-visible surfacepattern of random markings, produced by mechanical abra-sion.machine gaugeda