ASTM C119-2008e1 Standard Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone.pdf

1、Designation: C119 081Standard Terminology Relating toDimension Stone1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C119; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indic

2、ates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTEIn the definiton of microfissure “naked eye” was changed to “unaided eye” editorially in

3、 October 2009.INTRODUCTIONDimension stone, as used here, is natural stone that has been selected and fabricated to specific sizesor shapes, with or without one or more mechanically dressed or finished surfaces, for use as buildingfacing, curbing, paving stone, monuments and memorials, and various in

4、dustrial products. The termdimension stone is in contradistinction to crushed and broken stone, such as is used for aggregate,roadstone, fill, or chemical raw materials. Because all stone is a natural material, the definitionexcludes all manmade materials that simulate stone. In common practice, som

5、e dimension stones arereinforced, filled, or surface treated.Terms used in definitions and nomenclature shall be interpreted in accordance with commonlyaccepted scientific and technical terms of the geological sciences except as otherwise specificallynoted.Examples of such exceptions are the broader

6、 commercial definitions of granite and marble, whichhave become well established in the dimension stone industry and trade. Definitions and termsincluded in these definitions have been formulated in accordance with common industrial usage wherethis is not in conflict with current scientific usage.GE

7、NERAL TERMSanchorin general, a metal shape inserted into a slot or holein the stone that provides for the transfer of loads from thestone to the building structure, either directly or through anintermediate structure.anchoragethe system consisting of stone, anchor and pri-mary structure, secondary s

8、tructure or back-up preventinglateral movement of the stone.arristhe junction of two planes of the same stone forming anexternal edge.ashlar(1) a squared block of building stone; (2) a masonryof such stones; (3) a thin-dressed rectangle of stone forfacing of walls (often called ashlar veneer).buildi

9、ng stonenatural rock of adequate quality to be quar-ried and cut as dimension stone as it exists in nature, as usedin the construction industry.chipan irregularly shaped fragment dislodged from a stonesurface.claddingnonload-bearing stone used as the facing materialin wall construction that contains

10、 other materials.copingdimension stone used as the top course of a masonrywall, often sloped to shed water.cracka partial break in the stone (see fracture, microcrack,seam).cubic stockin general, a thick dimension stone unit which isnot precisely defined in terms of thickness for every kind ofstone,

11、 particularly for limestone and sandstone. For marbleor granite, cubic stock is a unit that is greater than 50 mm inthickness. For limestone, cubic stock is a unit that is greaterthan 75 mm to 100 mm in thickness, and for sandstone, aunit that is greater than 150 mm to 200 mm in thickness. (Incontra

12、st, see thin stone.)cut stonestone fabricated to specific dimensions.dimension stonenatural stone that has been selected andfabricated to specific sizes or shapes.DISCUSSIONThe term dimension stone is in contradistinction tocrushed and broken stone, such as is used for aggregate, roadstone, fill,or

13、chemical raw materials. In common practice, some dimension stonesare reinforced, filled, or surface treated.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 onDimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.91 onNomenclature and Definitions.Current edition appro

14、ved Feb. 1, 2008. Published March 2008. Originallyapproved in 1926. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C119 07a. DOI:10.1520/C0119-08.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.dressed stoneSee cut stone, finished stone.d

15、urabilitythe measure of the ability of dimension stone toendure and to maintain its essential and distinctive charac-teristics of strength, resistance to decay, and appearance.Durability is based on the length of time that a stone canmaintain its innate characteristics in use. This time will varydep

16、ending on the environment, the use, and the finish of thestone in question (for example, outdoor versus indoor use).dry seama natural separation that has not been filled orbonded.fabricationwhen applied to dimension stone, any of theprocesses involved in changing a raw stone piece to its finalend us

17、e form. This includes, but is not limited to cutting,splitting, grinding, drilling, or face-finishing.fading (slate)a slate that has a significant color changewithin the first year of exposure to weather, often the resultof chemical alteration of the iron minerals.finished stonedimension stone with

18、one or more mechani-cally exposed surfaces.fillingthe application of materials, often cements or syntheticresins, into natural voids in a stone during fabrication.fissurea naturally occurring separation which may or maynot affect the performance of the stone.flooringstone used as in interior pedestr

19、ian wearing surface.fracturea complete break in the stone (see crack, microc-rack, seam).freestonea stone having little or no preferential direction ofsplitting which may be cut freely in any direction withoutfracture or splitting.grain(1) a distinguishable rock constituent which itself hasa distinc

20、t identity, for example, a mineral crystal, an oolith,a rock fragment (in sedimentary rocks), or clast.(2) a direction in a rock body along which it is more easilybroken, split, or cut. See rift.granularcomposed of particles visible to the unaided eye.For sedimentary stone, the predominant particle

21、distributionis less than 4 mm in size.hysteresisthe residual strain in stone after the stress causingsuch strain is changed.installationthe process of assembling dimension stone into astructure.laminationlayers of material bonded together.linera small block of stone secured to the rear face of adime

22、nsion stone panel with pins and adhesive for thepurpose of providing a concealed horizontal bearing surface(see Fig. 3a and 3b in C1242).microcracka crack too small to be seen with the unaided eye(see crack, fracture, seam).microfissurea fissure that cannot be seen with the unaidedeye.monumental sto

23、nerock of adequate quality to be quarriedand cut as dimension stone as it exists in nature, as used inthe monument and memorial industry.open seamsunfilled fissures or naturally occurring cracks instone.panelcut stone with face dimensions large in relation to itsthickness, for placement in a buildin

24、g structure or frameassembly.pavingstone used in an interior pedestrian wearing surfaceas in patios, walkways, driveways, and the like. (Seeflooring)pitssmall depressions, voids or pinholes in stone, especiallyon a finished surface.polished finisha surface that has high luster and strongreflection o

25、f incident light.processingthe work involved in transforming quarry blocksinto dimension stone, including sawing, drilling, grinding,honing, polishing, carving, and all other operations neces-sary for installation.resinationa cosmetic enhancement to stone slabs containingpits, fissures, cracks or ot

26、her surface irregularities in whichan adhesive resin of epoxy, polyester, or acrylic base hasbeen applied to the slab face and allowed to cure prior to thepolishing of the slab.ribbonin some slate, narrow bands of contrasting color orappearance differing in some degree in chemical composi-tion from

27、the main body.rift(1) a consistent direction or trend in a rock body alongwhich the rock is most easily split or broken.(2) The grain orientation in stone, particularly in sedimen-tary stones, showing more or less clearly how the stone wasoriginally bedded, and with or without color or grain-sizecha

28、nges, or voids and hollow.rocka naturally occurring, consolidated aggregation of oneor more minerals constituting the crust of the Earth.rustication (or reveal)a continuous groove cut within theface or along the edge of a dimension stone panel, usuallyfor the purpose of visually imitating or accentu

29、ating a jointlocation (see Fig. 1).seama naturally filled or bonded feature in the stone, such asa streak or a vein, which may or may not adversely affect thestrength of a stone (see crack, fracture, microcrack).shaped stonedimension stone processed by carving, grind-ing, sawing, or other means into

30、 specific nonplanar configu-rations.shop drawingswhen applied to dimension stone , a highlydetailed drawing that shows the net dimensions, joint dimen-sions, anchor locations and orientations, of the dimensionstone and the relationship with the other building materialsbeing used.slaba piece of stone

31、 produced by shaving or splitting in thefirst milling or quarrying operation. A slab has two parallelsurfaces.snipthe area of a stone surface from which a chip has beendislodged.sound stonestone which is free of cracks, fissures, or otherphysical defects.spalls(1) fragments or chips from a piece of

32、dimensionstone. (2) waste stone usually of small size from theC119 0812quarrying and milling of dimension limestone.stickinga method of repairing the butt edge of a brokenpiece of stone, generally done with dowels, cements, orepoxies. The pieces are “stuck” together, thus “sticking”.stonea naturally

33、-consolidated substance formed from min-erals, geologically synonymous with rock (see rock, seedimension stone if selected or fabricated).DISCUSSIONThis term does not include any manufactured stone-likeproducts or manmade materials that simulate stone.texture(1) a modified appearance of dimension st

34、one result-ing from one or several mechanical surface treatments.Untreated stone surfaces have textural characteristics de-scribed under (2).(2) that aspect of the physical appearance of a rock that isdetermined by size, shape, and mutual relations of the compo-nent grains or crystals. Textures rela

35、ted to dimension stoneinclude equigranular (grains of approximately the same size);inequigranular (grains of markedly unequal sizes); porphyritic(see Note 2 under Granite Group); interlocking (in whichgrains with irregular boundaries interlock by mutual penetra-tion); interlocking and porphyritic te

36、xtures are characteristic ofgranites and marbles; clastic (naturally cemented fragmentalgrains but without mosaic or interlocking relations; this textureis typical of sandstones and some limestones); mosaic (closelypacked grains with smooth to moderately irregular, noninter-locking mutual boundaries

37、); granoblastic (a megascopicallygranular mosaic texture in which the grains are tightly com-pacted and the minerals are dominantly equidimensional andpresent irregular mutual boundaries; mosaic and granoblastictextures are characteristic of metamorphic rocks).thermal hysteresisthe permanent, increm

38、ental deformationof certain stones due to thermal cycling, usually associatedwith loss of strength.thin stone/thin veneera cladding under 50 mm (2-in.) thick.tilea thin modular stone unit.unfading (slate)a slate that shows no significant colorchange within the first year of exposure.veiningthe prese

39、nce in an otherwise homogeneous stone ofbands, streaks or irregular bodies of a contrasting color orappearance, and frequently having a different mineralogicalcomposition to the predominant material. “Veining” does notapply to gneiss, commercial granite types, and slate (seeribbon).veneera nonload-b

40、earing facing of stone attached to abacking for the purpose of ornamentation, protection, orinsulation.DISCUSSIONVeneer shall support no vertical load other than its ownweight and possibly the vertical dead load of veneer above.walls, veneeredSee veneer.waxingthe practice of filling minor surface vo

41、ids in stonewith certain polyester compounds, cabinetmakers wax, ormelted shellac. (It does not refer to the application of pastewax to make the surface shinier.)wearthe removal of material or impairment of surface finishthrough friction or impact.DISCUSSIONWear is an artificial process. The rate of

42、 wear may beaffected by chemical action.weatheringnatural alteration by either chemical or mechani-cal processes due to the action of constituents of theatmosphere, surface water or ground water, or to temperaturechange.DISCUSSIONChanges by weathering are not necessarily undesirableor harmful; rathe

43、r they may enhance the texture and color of the stone.STONE FINISHESBY FAMILYEvery material used in construction has a finish or surface;dimension stone has a plethora of finishes. This sectiondescribes common finishes and classifies them into a number offamilies by relief or roughness. The finishes

44、 in each family arealso arranged from the least relief to the most relief.Stone finishes are a complex matter for a number of reasons.New manufacturing or finishing methods or variations orcombinations of other methods of finishing stone are continu-ally being developed. Stone finish names sometimes

45、 overlap orare variations of other finishes.Finish options for any kind of stone vary by the geologiccategory of the stone (whether igneous, metamorphic, orsedimentary) and the unique combination of geological orphysical properties of the stone type. This means that anyparticular finish cannot be pu

46、t on every type of stone (seeApplicability of Finishes for Various Stone Types Table inGuide C1528 for Selection of Dimension Stone for ExteriorUse). The individual definitions are sometimes nonspecific ornearly overlap. In practice, a detailed definition of a specificstone finish is established bet

47、ween the producer and designerthrough dialogue, or reference sample(s), or both.The family or individual title “finish” will be used uniformlythroughout this section for ease of reference, although the term“surface” would be more accurate when no work has been doneon it and no improvements made post

48、quarry (as in certainrough finishes; see Note 2). “Surface” will be used uniformlyin the sense of the outward appearance or face of the stone.FIG. 1 RusticationC119 0813Thus we have the Least Textured Finishes (family) and thePolished (finish)a highly-reflective surface, and so forth.Surface Variati

49、onThe dimensions of variation in surface profile given in thefollowing definitions are for indicative purposes only. Thevalues do not denote acceptable tolerances or minimum ormaximum values of surface variation for any given finish.LEAST TEXTURED FINISHES(less than 1 mm 132 in. of surface variation)polisheda highly-reflective surface, produced by mechanicalabrasion and buffing.honeda non-reflective to semi-reflective superfine satin-likesurface with no surface pattern, produced by mechanicalabrasion.sm