1、Designation: C 1201 91 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Test Method forStructural Performance of Exterior Dimension StoneCladding Systems by Uniform Static Air PressureDifference1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1201; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the struc-t
3、ural performance of dimension stone cladding systems underpositive and negative uniform static air pressure differences,using a test chamber.1.2 The proper use of this test method requires a knowledgeof the principles of pressure and deflection measurement.1.3 This test method describes the apparatu
4、s and the proce-dure to be used for applying either specific test loads orunknown ultimate values of uniformity distributed test loads toa specimen.1.3.1 Procedure A (see 11.2) shall be used when deflectionsat maximum load only are required.1.3.2 Procedure B (see 11.3) shall be used when a load-defl
5、ection curve is required.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this
6、standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ANSI Standard:ANSI A58.1 Building Code Requirements for MinimumDesign Loads in Buildings and
7、 Other Structures22.2 AAMA Standard:AAMA TIR-A2 Design Wind Loads for Aluminum CurtainWalls33. Terminology3.1 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 permanent deformationthe permanent displacementfrom an original position that remains after an applied load hasbeen removed.3.1.2 specim
8、enthe entire assembled unit submitted fortest as described in Section 8.3.1.3 test loadthe specified difference in static air pressure(positive or negative) for which the specimen is to be tested,expressed in pascals (pounds-force per square foot).3.1.4 ultimate loadthe difference in static air pres
9、sure(positive or negative) at which failure of the specimen occurs,expressed in pascals (pounds-force per square foot).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of sealing the test specimeninto or against one face of a test chamber; supplying air to, orexhausting air from, the chamber a
10、t the rate required tomaintain the test-pressure difference across the specimen; andobserving, measuring, and recording the deflection, deforma-tions, and nature of any failures.4,55. Significance and Use5.1 This test method gives a standard procedure for deter-mining structural performance under un
11、iform static air pressuredifference. This typically is intended to represent the effects ofwind loads on exterior building surface elements. The actualloading on building surfaces is quite complex, varying withwind direction, time, height above ground, building shape,terrain, surrounding structures,
12、 and other factors. These factorsare discussed in the literature in 2.1 and 2.2 and Footnotes 4and 5.NOTE 1In applying the results of tests by this test method, it shouldbe borne in mind that the performance of a cladding system may be afunction of fabrication, installation, and adjustment, and that
13、 the specimenmay or may not truly represent the actual structure. In service, the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-18 onDimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.01 on TestMethods.Current edition approved May 10, 2003. Published June 2003. Ori
14、ginallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as C 120191 (1996).2Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street,13th Floor, New York, NY 10036.3Available from American Architectural Manufacturers Association, 2700 RiverRoad, Suite 118, Des Plaines, IL 60
15、018.4ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refriger-ating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Chapter 26, 1977.5“Wind Forces on Structures,” Transactions of the American Society of CivilEngineer, Vol 126, Part II, Paper 3269, 1961, pp. 11241198.1Copyright ASTM Internationa
16、l, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.performance will also depend on the rigidity of supporting constructionand on the resistance of components to deterioration by various causes, tovibration, to thermal expansion and contraction, etc.6. Apparatus6.1
17、 The description of apparatus is general in nature; anyequipment capable of performing the test procedure within theallowable tolerances is permitted.6.2 Major Components (see Fig. 1):6.2.1 Test ChamberA test chamber or box with an open-ing, a removable mounting panel, or one open side in which, ora
18、gainst which, the specimen is installed. Care should be takenwhen designing the chamber-to-specimen seal, to avoid edgeconditions not representative of the cladding system beingtested. At least one static pressure tap shall be provided tomeasure the chamber pressure and shall be so located that ther
19、eading is unaffected by the velocity of the air supply to orfrom the chamber, or any other air movement. The air supplyopening into the chamber shall be arranged so that the air doesnot impinge directly on the test specimen. A means of accessinto the chamber may be provided to facilitate adjustments
20、 andobservations after the specimen has been installed.NOTE 2The test chamber and the specimen mounting frame must notdeflect under the test load in such a manner that the performance of thespecimen will be affected.6.2.2 Air SystemA controllable blower, a compressed-airsupply, an exhaust system, or
21、 reversible controllable blowerdesigned to provide the required maximum air-pressure differ-ence across the specimen. The system shall provide an essen-tially constant air-pressure difference for the required testperiod.NOTE 3It is convenient to use a reversible blower or a separatepressure and exha
22、ust system to provide the required air-pressure differ-ence so that the test specimen can be tested for the effect of positivepressure and for the effect of negative pressure without removing,reversing, and reinstalling the test specimen. If an adequate air supply isavailable, a completely airtight
23、seal need not be provided around theperimeter of the test specimen and the mounting panel, although it ispreferable. However, substantial air leakage will require an air supply ofmuch greater capacity to maintain the required pressure differences.6.2.3 Pressure-Measuring ApparatusA device to measure
24、the test pressure difference within an accuracy of 62%.6.2.4 Deflection-Measuring SystemA means of measuringdeflections with an accuracy of 60.025 mm (60.001 in.).6.2.4.1 Stone deflections shall be measured perpendicular tothe stone surface at anchorage locations and at the position ofmaximum displa
25、cement. Additional locations for deflectionmeasurements, if required, shall be stated by the specifier.6.2.4.2 Deflection gages shall be supported independentlyof the cladding system being tested.6.2.4.3 For tests to determine the ultimate performance of aspecimen, deflection-measuring devices with
26、lesser precisionmay be used due to possible destruction of the instruments.7. Hazards7.1 Take proper precautions to protect the observers in theevent of any failure. At the pressures used in this test method,considerable energy and hazard are involved. In cases offailure, the hazard to personnel is
27、less with an exhaust system,as the specimen will tend to blow into the test chamber ratherthan out. Do not permit personnel in such chambers duringtests.8. Test Specimens8.1 Test specimens shall be of sufficient size and extent todetermine the performance of all typical components of thecladding sys
28、tem.8.1.1 All parts of the test specimen shall be full size, usingthe same materials, material finishes, details, and methods ofconstruction, and anchorage as used, or planned to be used, onthe building.8.1.2 Accurately simulate conditions of structural supportback to a reasonably unyielding support
29、.8.2 Test a minimum of five specimens.NOTE 4It should be recognized that performance is likely to be afunction of size and geometry. Therefore, one should select specimenscovering the range of sizes and thicknesses to be used on a building. Ingeneral, the largest size or most heavily loaded of a par
30、ticular design, type,thickness, construction, or configuration to be used should be tested.9. Calibration9.1 Calibration of fluid manometers and dial gage deflectionmeasuring devices is normally not required, provided theinstruments are used at or near their design temperature.Appropriately calibrat
31、e other types of pressure and deflectionmeasuring devices.10. Required Information10.1 In specifying this test method, the following informa-tion shall be supplied by the specifying authority:10.1.1 Procedure A:10.1.1.1 The positive and negative test loads,10.1.1.2 The duration of maximum load, and1
32、0.1.1.3 The number and location of required deflectionmeasurements.10.1.2 Procedure B:FIG. 1 General Arrangement of Testing ApparatusC 1201 91 (2003)210.1.2.1 The number of incremental loads and the positiveand negative test loads at these increments at which deflectionmeasurements are required,10.1
33、.2.2 The duration of incremental and maximum loads,and10.1.2.3 The number and location of required deflectionmeasurements.11. Procedure11.1 Fit the specimen into or against the chamber opening.The outdoor side of the specimen shall face the higher pressureside for positive loads; the indoor side sha
34、ll face the higherpressure side for negative loads. Support and secure thespecimen by the same number and type of anchors to be usedin installing the unit on a building.11.2 Procedure AUse the following procedure when de-flections at maximum load are required:11.2.1 Check the specimen for proper adj
35、ustment.11.2.2 Install required deflection measuring devices at theirspecified locations.11.2.3 Apply positive pressure equal to one-half of themaximum specified test load, and maintain for not less than 10s. Release the pressure difference across the specimen, andafter a recovery period of not less
36、 than 1 min nor more than 5min at zero load, read and record initial deflection gagereadings.11.2.4 Unless otherwise specified, apply positive pressureequal to the maximum specified test load and maintain for notless than 10 s. Apply load in such a manner as to avoid shockloading. Read and record de
37、flection gage readings to determinemaximum deformation.11.2.5 Reduce the pressure difference to zero, and, after arecovery period of not less than 1 min nor more than 5 min,read and record deflection gage readings to determine perma-nent deformation.11.2.6 Repeat the procedure using negative pressur
38、es.11.3 Procedure BUse the following procedure when thedetermination of a load-deflection curve is required:11.3.1 Follow 11.2.1-11.2.3.11.3.2 Apply the load using positive pressure in the speci-fied number of increments up to the maximum specified testload. The specifier shall determine the number
39、of increments tobe used in this test method, not to be less than four equalincrements to maximum test load. At each increment, unlessotherwise specified, apply and maintain the test load for notless than 10 s. Read and record deflection gage readings.11.3.3 Reduce the pressure difference to zero, an
40、d, after arecovery period of not less than 1 min nor more than 5 min,read and record deflection gage readings to determine perma-nent deformation.11.3.4 When the behavior of the specimen under loadindicates that sudden failure may occur and damage themeasuring devices, the deflection measuring devic
41、es may beremoved and the load increased incrementally until the maxi-mum test load or the maximum load that can be sustained isreached, whichever occurs first.11.3.5 Repeat the procedure using negative pressures.12. Report12.1 Report the following information:12.1.1 Dates of the test and the report,
42、12.1.2 Identification of the specimen (manufacturer, sourceof supply, dimensions, model types, materials, material fin-ishes, and other pertinent information),12.1.3 Detailed drawings of the specimen, showing dimen-sioned section profiles, framing location, installation andspacing of anchorage, hard
43、ware, sealants, and any otherpertinent construction details. Any modifications made on thespecimen to obtain the reported values shall be noted on thedrawings,12.1.4 Any preconditioning of the stone (wetting, drying,etc.) shall be fully documented,12.1.5 Procedure AA tabulation of pressure differenc
44、esexerted across the specimen during the test and the deflectionsand permanent deformations at locations specified for eachspecimen tested,12.1.6 Procedure BA tabulation of the number of test loadincrements, the pressure differences exerted across the speci-men at these increments, the pertinent def
45、lections at thesepressure differences, and permanent deformations at locationsspecified for each specimen tested,12.1.7 The duration of test loads, including incrementalloads for Procedure B,12.1.8 A record of visual performance observations,12.1.9 When the tests are made to check conformity of thes
46、pecimen to a particular specification, an identification ordescription of that specification,12.1.10 A statement that the tests were conducted in accor-dance with this test method. A full description of any devia-tions from this test method shall also be included, and12.2 If several essentially iden
47、tical specimens are tested,results for all specimens shall be reported, each specimen beingproperly identified, particularly with respect to distinguishingfeatures or differing adjustments. A separate drawing for eachspecimen will not be required if all differences between themare noted on the drawi
48、ngs provided.13. Precision and Bias13.1 Individual variations in a natural product may result indeviation from accepted values. A precision section will beadded when sufficient data are available to indicate acceptabletolerances in repeatability and reproducibility.14. Keywords14.1 dimension stone;
49、load test; stone; strength; structuralperformance; testC 1201 91 (2003)3ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or w
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