1、Designation: C1208/C1208M 11Standard Specification forVitrified Clay Pipe and Joints for Use in Microtunneling,Sliplining, Pipe Bursting, and Tunnels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1208/C1208M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adopt
2、ion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification establishes the criteria for the manu-facture, quality
3、 assurance testing, inspection, installation, fieldacceptance testing, and product marking of vitrified clay pipeto be used in microtunneling, pilot tube microtunneling,sliplining, pipe bursting, and in casings and tunnels for theconveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water.1.1.1 Section
4、s 3 through 7 and 9 of this specification containmanufacturing, quality assurance testing, inspection, and prod-uct marking criteria which are applicable to vitrified clay pipeprior to installation.1.1.2 Section 8 of this specification contains criteria for theinstallation and field acceptance testi
5、ng of vitrified clay pipe.1.2 This specification also covers materials and test require-ments for jointing of the pipe.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachs
6、ystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establ
7、ish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC301 Test Methods for Vitrified Clay PipeC828 Test Method for Low-Pre
8、ssure Air Test of VitrifiedClay Pipe LinesC896 Terminology Relating to Clay ProductsC1091 Test Method for Hydrostatic Infiltration Testing ofVitrified Clay Pipe LinesD395 Test Methods for Rubber PropertyCompression SetD412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-plastic ElastomersTensionD471 T
9、est Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD518 Test Method for Rubber DeteriorationSurfaceCracking3D543 Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics toChemical ReagentsD573 Test Method for RubberDeterioration in an AirOvenD1149 Test Methods for Rubber DeteriorationCrackingin an Ozone Con
10、trolled EnvironmentD2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometerHardness3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology C896 can be used for clarifi-cation of terminology in this specification.PIPE4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Vitrified clay pipe shall be manufactured from fire clay,shale, surface clay,
11、 or a combination of these materials that,when formed into pipe and fired to suitable temperatures,yields a product that conforms to this specification.4.2 Test Requirements for Pipe:4.2.1 Test Samples:4.2.1.1 When requested, test samples representative of thepipe to be used shall be selected by the
12、 purchaser or hisrepresentative from the suppliers stock.4.2.1.2 The number of samples to be tested shall not exceed0.5 % of the number of pipe of each size furnished, except thatno less than three samples shall be tested.4.2.1.3 If any of the test samples fail to meet the require-ments of 4.2.2 thr
13、ough 4.2.5, the manufacturer will be allowedto retest two additional samples representative of the original1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C04 onVitrified Clay Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C04.20 onMethods of Test and Specifications.Current ed
14、ition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published January 2011. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C1208/C1208M 08.DOI: 10.1520/C1208_C1208M-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual
15、 Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-295
16、9, United States.material for each one that failed. The pipe will be acceptable ifall retest samples meet the test requirements. If any of there-test pipe fail, the lot shall be rejected.4.2.1.4 If, subsequent to an initial test failure, the accuracyof the testing equipment is questioned, at the req
17、uest of themanufacturer, the equipment shall be recalibrated and a retestmade or a retest made using other equipment of knownaccuracy.4.2.2 Bearing Strength:4.2.2.1 Pipe shall meet the bearing strength requirements ofTable 1 or Table 2.4.2.2.2 The manufacturer may test and certify pipe to higherbear
18、ing strengths than listed in Table 1 and Table 2.4.2.3 Compressive Strength Test:4.2.3.1 This test is used to determine the compressivestrength of pipe material. This test shall be performed onlywhen specified.4.2.3.2 Pipe material shall have a minimum compressivestrength of 7000 psi 48 MPa.4.2.3.3
19、The testing machine shall be of a type havingsufficient capacity and capable of providing the rates of loadingprescribed. The bearing area from which the force will beapplied shall be spherically seated.4.2.3.4 The specimen shall be a cylinder cut from the pipeso that the length of the specimen is p
20、arallel with thelongitudinal axis of the pipe. The cylinder shall have aminimum diameter of 0.75 in. 19 mm for pipe wall thick-nesses through 212 in. 64 mm and 2 in. 51 mm for greaterwall thicknesses and a diameter to length ratio of 1:1. Thetolerance of the diameter and length shall be +10 % 0 %.Me
21、asurements shall be made to the nearest 0.01 in. 0.25 mm.4.2.3.5 The test load on the specimen shall be centeredaxially on the ends of the cylinder.4.2.3.6 The bearing surfaces of the specimen shall beparallel planes and perpendicular to the vertical axis.4.2.3.7 The bearing surface of the test samp
22、les shall beground to planes, parallel within 0.002 in. 0.05 mm. Toensure a uniform bearing of the sample, place between twoplywood sheets. The plywood shall be three-ply, ranging from0.19 in. 4 mm to 0.25 in. 6 mm thick, made of soft woodand free from knots. The plywood shall exceed the specimendia
23、meter by 0.50 in. 13 mm to 1.50 in. 38 mm. Use a freshpair of plywood sheets for each test.4.2.3.8 Apply the load up to 3500 psi 24 MPa. Theremaining required load is applied at the uniform rate in notless than 1 min nor more than 2 min.4.2.3.9 Calculate and report the compressive strength asfollows
24、:Compressive Strength, C 5 W/A (1)where:C = compressive strength of the specimen, psi kPa to thenearest 100 psi 690 kPa,W = recorded load, lbf kgf/mm2, indicated by the testingmachine, andA = average of the gross areas of the upper and lowerbearing surfaces of the specimen, in.2mm2tothenearest 0.04
25、in.226 mm2.4.2.4 Hydrostatic Pressure Test or Absorption Test:4.2.4.1 The manufacturer shall, at his option, apply either ahydrostatic pressure test or an absorption test to all of the testspecimens.4.2.4.2 Hydrostatic Pressure TestWhen the pipe is sub-jected to an internal hydrostatic pressure of 1
26、0 psi 69 kPa forthe elapsed time indicated in Tables 3 and 4, there shall be noleakage. Moisture appearing on the surface shall not beconsidered leakage. However, moisture which starts to run onthe pipe shall be construed as leakage, regardless of quantity.At the option of the manufacturer, water wi
27、thin approximately5F 3C of the ambient air temperature may be introducedinto the pipe for control of condensation.4.2.4.3 Absorption TestThe absorption of vitrified claypipe shall not exceed 8 % when tested in accordance with TestMethods C301.4.2.5 Acid Resistance:4.2.5.1 This test is used to determ
28、ine the resistance of pipeto the action of acids specified in Test Methods C301. The testshall be performed only when specified.TABLE 1 Three Edge Bearing StrengthNominal Diameter, in. Bearing Strength, lb/linear ft4 20006 20008 220010 240012 260015 290018 330021 385024 440027 470030 500036 600042 7
29、00048 8000TABLE 2 Three Edge Bearing Strength SINominal Diameter, mm Bearing Strength, kN/m100 29150 29200 32250 35300 38400 42500 52600 64700 69800 77900 881000 961100 1051200 120TABLE 3 Hydrostatic Pressure Test TimeBarrel Thickness, in. Test Time, minUp to and including 1 7Over 1 including 1.5 9O
30、ver 1.5 including 2 12Over 2 including 2.5 15Over 2.5 including 3 18Over 3 21C1208/C1208M 1124.2.5.2 The pipe of each size and shipment shall be accept-able if the acid-soluble matter, from specimens representingsuch pipe, does not exceed 0.25 %.4.3 Sizes and Dimensions:4.3.1 Sizes and dimensions of
31、 pipe shall conform to therequirements of Table 5 or Table 6.4.3.2 The average inside diameter shall be determined bytaking any two 90 (1.6-rad) opposing measurements andaveraging the readings.4.3.3 The outside diameter shall not vary from a true circleby more than 2 % of its nominal diameter.4.3.3.
32、1 The out-of-round dimension is the difference be-tween the maximum and minimum diameters measured at anyone location along the pipe barrel.4.3.4 Pipe shall not deviate from straight by more than 0.05in./linear ft 4 mm/m when the maximum offset is measuredfrom the concave side of the pipe. See Fig.
33、1.4.3.4.1 Measurements shall be taken by placing a straight-edge on the concave side of the full length of the pipe barrelexcluding the joint and measuring the maximum distancebetween the straightedge and concave side of the pipe.4.3.5 The end squareness measured at the pipe ends shallnot deviate by
34、 more than 0.005 in./in. 0.005 mm/mm ofoutside diameter to a maximum of 0.10 in. 2.5 mm whenmeasured in accordance with Fig. 1.4.3.6 The pipe wall thickness shall be a suitable dimensionto adequately distribute the field jacking forces and shall beprescribed by the manufacturer.4.4 Fractures, Cracks
35、, and Blisters:4.4.1 There shall be no fractures or cracks passing throughthe barrel, visible to the unaided eye.4.4.2 Chips, fractures, or blisters on the pipe shall notexceed 2 in. 51 mm in any surface dimension and shall notexceed a depth of one eighth of the minimum thickness of thebarrel.JOINTS
36、5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Principles of Joint Design:5.1.1 A typical joint design is indicated in Fig. 2.5.1.2 Sealing elements shall be compressed between bear-ing surfaces to ensure watertight integrity as required in 5.3.5.1.3 Sealing elements may be independent or bonded to abearing surfac
37、e.5.1.4 The ends of the pipe shall incorporate a compressionring to distribute the jacking forces which develop duringinstallation.5.1.5 The outside diameter of the sleeve shall not vary fromthe outside diameter of the pipe barrel to the extent that itwould restrict the installation during jacking.5
38、.2 Requirements:5.2.1 Sealing components shall meet the requirements ofTable 7.5.2.2 Sleeves shall be made of a material which in conjunc-tion with the sealing elements, forms a joint which meets thetest requirements of 5.3.5.3 Test Requirements for Assembled Joints:5.3.1 The number of specimens to
39、be tested shall not exceed0.25 % of the number of pipe of each size furnished. Aminimum of one joint shall be tested for each diameterfurnished.5.3.2 The assembled joint shall not leak when tested inaccordance with 5.4.5.4 Test Methods for Assembled Joints:5.4.1 Assemble two pipes and restrain only
40、the amountnecessary to prevent longitudinal movement.5.4.2 Uniformly support and secure one of the pipe. To theother pipe, apply a shear load of 50 lbf/in. 8.8 kN/m ofnominal diameter uniformly over an arc of not less than 120(2.1 rad) along a distance of 12 in. 305 mm adjacent to thejoint. See Fig.
41、 3.TABLE 4 Hydrostatic Pressure Test Time SIBarrel Thickness, mm Test Time, minUp to and including 25 7Over 25 including 38 9Over 38 including 50 12Over 50 including 64 15Over 64 including 76 18Over 76 21TABLE 5 Dimensions and VariationsNominal Diameter, in.Out-of-StraightA,in./linear ft, maxOut-of-
42、Round,in., maxOut-of-SquareA,in., maxBLaying Length MinusTolerance, in./linear ftNominal Inside Diameter MinusToleranceC,in.4 0.05 0.08 0.03 0.25 0.196 0.05 0.12 0.04 0.25 0.258 0.05 0.16 0.05 0.25 0.3110 0.05 0.20 0.06 0.25 0.3812 0.05 0.24 0.08 0.25 0.4415 0.05 0.30 0.09 0.25 0.5618 0.05 0.36 0.10
43、 0.25 0.6921 0.05 0.42 0.10 0.25 0.8124 0.05 0.48 0.10 0.38 0.9427 0.05 0.54 0.10 0.38 1.0630 0.05 0.60 0.10 0.38 1.1936 0.05 0.72 0.10 0.38 1.4442 0.05 0.84 0.10 0.38 1.4448 0.05 0.96 0.10 0.38 1.44ASee Fig. 1.BThese numbers are approximate since they are computed using outside diameter. Consult th
44、e pipe manufacturer for specific dimensions.CThere is no fixed + tolerance limit.C1208/C1208M 1135.4.3 Apply an internal 25-ft head (10.75 psi) 74 kPa ofwater pressure for a period of 1 h.5.4.3.1 The manufacturer may test and certify assembledjoints to a higher head of water pressure.6. Test Methods
45、6.1 Perform required tests in accordance with Test MethodsC301 and C67.TABLE 6 Dimensions and Variations SINominalDiameter,mmOut-of-StraightA,mm/M, maxOut-of-Round,mm, maxOut-of-SquareA,mm, maxBLaying Length MinusTolerance,mm/MNominal InsideDiameter MinusToleranceC,mm100 4 2 0.5 20 5150 4 3 0.75 20
46、6200 4 4 1.0 20 8250 4 5 1.25 20 10300 4 6 1.5 20 12400 4 8 2.0 20 16500 4 10 2.5 20 20600 4 12 2.5 30 24700 4 14 2.5 30 28800 4 16 2.5 30 32900 4 18 2.5 30 361000 4 20 2.5 30 361100 4 22 2.5 30 361200 4 24 2.5 30 36ASee Fig. 1.BThese numbers are approximate since they are computed using outside dia
47、meter. Consult the pipe manufacturer for specific dimensions.CThere is no fixed + tolerance limit.NOTE 1Illustration is exaggerated to show dimensions.FIG. 1 Pipe End Squareness and Out of StraightFIG. 2 Typical Joint DesignC1208/C1208M 1147. Inspection7.1 All pipe is subject to inspection by, and a
48、t the option ofthe purchaser or his representative. Inspection shall bepromptly made at the factory or at the point of delivery. Allpipe accepted may be plainly marked by the purchaser or hisrepresentative. Rejected pipe shall not be defaced, but shall bereplaced by the manufacturer or seller withou
49、t additional costwith pipe that meets the requirements of this specification.8. Installation and Field Acceptance Testing8.1 The installation of pipe prescribed in this specificationshould only be performed by contractors familiar with pipejacking and with equipment specifically designed for thispurpose.8.2 The jacking force shall not exceed the manufacturersstated jacking strength and shall be reduced to an appropriatesafety factor that is acceptable to the engineer.8.3 Care shall be taken to maintain pr
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