1、Designation: C 1242 05Standard Guide forSelection, Design, and Installation of Dimension StoneAnchoring Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1242; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONNatural building stone is chosen as a buildings cladding for its beauty which endures with minimalmaintenance. Stone
3、 is durable when used properly. Exercising good judgment when selecting theparticular stone, determining the quarrying and fabrication techniques, designing the method ofattachment, and installing all components correctly maximizes these benefits. A properly executedstone cladding is designed and in
4、stalled within the capabilities and limitations of the stone and supportsystem to resist all forces that work on them.This guide presents design principles that require consideration when designing anchorages andevaluating exterior stone to be compatible with its proposed use. It is an overview of c
5、urrenttechniques and a review of minimum requirements for sound stone engineering and construction. Theguide does not list all possible methods of attachment nor does it provide a step-by-step procedure forstone anchor engineering. Knowledge gained from new engineering designs, testing of applicatio
6、ns,and the investigation of existing problems are continually reviewed to update this guide. Commentfrom users is encouraged.Good judgment by architects, engineers, and contractors when specifying, designing, engineering,and constructing stone and other work that interfaces stone is necessary to use
7、 this guide. Users of thisguide should combine known performance characteristics of the stone, the buildings structuralbehavior, and knowledge of materials and construction methods with proven engineering practice.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the categories of anchors and anchor-ing systems and dis
8、cusses the design principles to be consid-ered in selecting anchors or systems that will resist gravityloads and applied loads.1.2 This guide sets forth basic requirements for the designof stone anchorage and provides a practical checklist of thosedesign considerations.1.3 This guide pertains to:1.3
9、.1 The anchoring of stone panels directly to the buildingstructure for support,1.3.2 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or tocurtainwall components after these support systems are at-tached to the building structure,1.3.3 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or tocurtainwall components
10、 with stone cladding preassembledbefore these support systems are attached to the buildingstructure, and1.3.4 The supervision and inspection of fabrication andinstallation of the above.1.4 Observe all applicable regulations, specific recommen-dations of the manufacturers, and standards governing int
11、er-facing work.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on DimensionStone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.06 on AnchorageComponents and Systems.Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published July 2005. Originally approvedin 1993. Last previous edition approv
12、ed in 2004 as C 1242 04a.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.6 This standard does no
13、t purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See Tables 1 and2.)2. Referenced Docum
14、ents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C97 Test Methods for Absorption and Bulk Specific Grav-ity of Dimension StoneC99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of DimensionStoneC119 Terminology Relating to Dimension StoneC 170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of DimensionStoneC 406 Specification for Roofing SlateC
15、503 Specification for Marble Dimension Stone (Exterior)C 568 Specification for Limestone Dimension StoneC 615 Specification for Granite Dimension StoneC 616 Specification for Quartz-Based Dimension StoneC 629 Specification for Slate Dimension StoneC 880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension
16、alStoneC 1201 Test Method for Structural Performance of ExteriorDimension Stone Cladding Systems by Uniform Static AirPressure DifferenceC 1353 Test Method Using the Taber Abraser for AbrasionResistance of Dimension Stone Subjected to Foot TrafficC 1354 Test Method for Strength of Individual Stone A
17、n-chorages in Dimension StoneC 1526 Specification for Serpentine Dimension StoneC 1527 Specification for Travertine Dimension StoneE 632 Practice for Developing Accelerated Tests to AidPrediction of the Service Life of Building Components andMaterials3. Terminology3.1 General DefinitionsFor definiti
18、ons of terms used inthis guide, refer to Terminology C119.3.2 Specific definitions used in the design process are listedin 8.4.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engi-neers, and contractors who either design or install exteriorstone cladding for architectural
19、 structures.4.2 This guide is an industry standard for engineeringdesign considerations, documentation, material considerations,anchor type applications, and installation workmanship toassist designers and installers to achieve a proper and durablestone cladding.4.3 Stone and its support systems are
20、 part of a buildingsskin and shall be compatible with the behavior and perfor-mance of other interfacing systems, such as the curtainwall andsuperstructure frame.4.3.1 Every stone work application shall comply with ap-plicable building codes.4.3.2 It is not the intent of this Guide to supercede publ
21、ishedrecommendations for specific stone types. Provisions of otherdimension stone industry publications should be reviewed andconsidered in addition to this Guides recommendations. Allindustry information should be considered with respect toproject specifications and requirements. If provisions of s
22、uchpublications differ from those in this Guide, it is acceptablepractice to follow the publications provisions if recommendedby the stone specialist defined in 4.4 for the specific conditionsof the individual project.4.3.3 Because stone properties vary, the range and variabil-ity of pertinent prope
23、rties of the stone proposed for use shouldbe determined by testing and statistical methods that areevaluated using sound engineering principles. Use recent testdata where applicable. Always reference proven performanceof relevant existing structures.4.3.4 Changes in properties over time shall be con
24、sidered.4.3.5 Overall behaviors of all building systems and compo-nents including the stone shall be interactively compatible.4.4 Stone SpecialistSome conditions require professionalexpertise to select and plan a proper anchoring system,2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.ast
25、m.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.TABLE 1 Dimension Stone SpecificationsStone Type ASTM SpecificationCalciteAC 503DolomiteAC 503Granite C 615LimestoneBC 568Ma
26、rble (exterior)BC 503Quartz-BasedBC 616QuartziteAC 616Quartzitic SandstoneAC 616SandstoneAC 616SerpentineAC 503Serpentine C 1526Slate (roof) C 406Slate (walls) C 629TravertineAC 1527AThis stone type is a subclassification.BThis stone type has subclassifications or grades.TABLE 2 Dimension Stone Test
27、 MethodsMeasures ASTM Test Methodliquid porosity and relative density C97combined shear with tensile unit strength from bending C99ultimate crushing unit strength C 170primary tensile unit strength from bending C 880capacity and deflections of panels assembled withtheir anchors onto their supporting
28、 backup structureC 1201individual anchor strength C 1354accelerated production of service life E 632C1242052establish appropriate testing requirements, interpret tests, de-sign and engineer the anchoring system, or monitor its fabri-cation and installation. A specialist is a person that comple-ments
29、 the capabilities of the project team by contributingspecific expert experience with the use, selection, design, andinstallation of dimension stone.4.4.1 Particular conditions where special expertise is sug-gested to achieve a reliable installation:4.4.1.1 Where complex connections or anchoring meth
30、odsof unknown or questionable performance records are likely tobe considered or specified;4.4.1.2 Where the performance record of the specifiedsystems and materials is not known or questionable;4.4.1.3 When multiple cladding materials occur on the samefacade;4.4.1.4 If the supporting structure or ba
31、ckup is more flexiblethan L/600 in any direction;4.4.1.5 If extreme loading could be caused by seismic,hurricane, tornado, or installation and handling methods;4.4.1.6 When special building code requirements prevail.4.4.1.7 If provisions of stone industry publications orproject specifications differ
32、 from this guide.5. Installation Standards5.1 DocumentationThe basis for standard workmanshipshall be established in the design documents issued to describe,regulate, or control the construction. These documents may beissued by the architect, engineer, the design-build authority, thecontractor, or o
33、thers authorized to impose law or code. Ex-amples are as follows:5.1.1 The architectural drawings and specifications identi-fying stone type, finish, thickness, sizes, and details and therelationship to other architectural elements and the buildingstructure.5.1.2 The architectural drawings and speci
34、fications identi-fying the scope of work and the materials required. These may:(1) define the performance criteria to be satisfied, (2) specifythe standards of performance to be used in meeting thoseFIG. 1 Dowel AnchorC1242053criteria, (3) provide for adequate performance guarantees forthe materials
35、 and methods of construction, and (4) prescribedefinitive material details and systems to satisfy project re-quirements. In addition, the specifications shall establish stonefabrication and installation tolerances. The tolerances recom-mended by stone trade associations could be used as a guideand i
36、ncluded in the specification.5.1.3 Project specifications shall cite the ASTM standardmaterial specification (see 2.1) governing the stone intendedfor use and identify the classification or grade within thatstandard specification.5.1.4 Shop drawings indicating in detail all parts of the workrequired
37、, including material types, thicknesses, finishes and allother pertinent information dealing with fabrication, anchor-age, and installation. The drawings shall show contiguousmaterials or assemblies which are provided by others in theirrange of positions according to their specified tolerances.5.2 T
38、olerancesInstallation tolerances and requirements,once specified, bind the installation contractor, by contract, toperform the work within those specified tolerances. Thespecification requires the installation contractor to progres-sively examine the construction to which his work attaches oradjoins
39、, reporting to the prime contractor any condition thatmay prevent performance within the standard established.Some commonly specified installation tolerances follow:5.2.1 Variation from plumb of wall surfaces, arises, externalcorners, joints, and other conspicuous lines should not exceed14 in. (6.4
40、mm) in any story or in 20 ft (6.1 m) maximum.5.2.2 Variation in level from grades shown for horizontaljoints and other conspicuous lines should not exceed14 in. in20 ft (6.4 mm in 6.1 m) maximum, nor34 in. in 40 ft (19.1 mmin 12.2 m) or more.5.2.3 Variation in linear building lines from positions sh
41、ownon drawings and related portion of wall facing should notexceed12 in. (12.7 mm) in any bay or 20 ft (6.1 m) maximum,nor34 in. in 40 ft (19.1 mm in 12.2 m) or more.5.2.4 Variation in the face plane of adjacent pieces (lippage)should not exceed one fourth of the width of the joint betweenthe pieces
42、 up to but not more than116 in. (1.5 mm) unless panelfinish is not smooth or panel size exceeds 20 ft2(1.8 mm2).FIG. 2 Kerf AnchorC12420545.3 WorkmanshipGood construction requires mechanicsthat have previous successful experience installing similarstonework to do the new work. Less experienced perso
43、nnel canonly be allowed when they work in a crew continuously withthe mechanic who has previous successful experience. Similarwork means same type of site fabrication, anchorage, settingmethod, and support system as the new work.6. Materials of Construction6.1 Metals:6.1.1 Metals used for anchors or
44、 anchorage system compo-nents are selected according to their use:6.1.1.1 Metal in contact with stone should beAISI Type 304or 316 stainless steel, or bronze, or aluminum coated withepoxy paint or equivalent coating after fabrication. Mill finishor anodized aluminum can be used with granite. Consult
45、 metalindustry references regarding specific application limitationsand requirements, however, use Type 316 stainless steel whenthe project is exposed to chlorides, including locations exposedto deicing salt-laden road mists and locations within 5 to 10miles of a saltwater body. Copper, brass and st
46、ainless steel wireare used for ties.6.1.1.2 Stainless steel components less than14-in. (6-mm)thick should not be welded. Where welding is required in theassembly, use low-carbon versions of the alloys such as Type304L where Type 304 is allowed and Type 316L where Type316 is allowed.6.1.1.3 Exterior
47、wire ties used with cement mortar spotsshould be ductile stainless steel. Avoid copper and aluminumwith mortar due to incompatibility. Stainless steel, copper,FIG. 3 Rod and Plug AnchorFIG. 4 Adhesive Embedded Threaded AnchorFIG. 5 Point Loading PreventionFIG. 5 Point Loading Prevention (continued)
48、(continued)C1242055brass and aluminum can be used with gypsum or moldingplaster for interior applications. Verify mortar or plaster willnot darken or stain stone before using wire ties with spots foranchors.6.1.1.4 Metal not in direct contact with stone exposed toweather should be stainless steel, g
49、alvanized steel, zinc-richpainted or epoxy-coated steel, or aluminum.6.2 Joint Sealants:6.2.1 Sealants used in contact with stone can be of the typerecommended for the application by the manufacturer, butproper consideration should be given to their ability to satisfythe required properties of tear and peel strength, elasticity,compressibility, durometer, resistance to soiling and fading,and compatibility with any other sealant with which it maycome in contact.6.2.1.1 The manufacturers recommendation should be fol-lowed in respect to temperature range of applicati
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