1、Designation: C133 97 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Test Methods forCold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture ofRefractories1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C133; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods co
3、ver the determination of the coldcrushing strength and the modulus of rupture (MOR) of driedor fired refractory shapes of all types.1.2 The test methods appear in the following sections:Test Method SectionsCold Crushing Strength 4 to 9Modulus of Rupture 10 to 151.3 The values stated in inch-pound un
4、its are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsi
5、bility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Specimensby CastingC1054 Practice for Pressing
6、and Drying Refractory Plasticand Ramming Mix SpecimensE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines3. Significance and Use3.1 The cold strength of a refractory material is an indica-tion of its suitability for use in refractory construction. (It is nota measure of performance at elevated t
7、emperatures.)3.2 These test methods are for determining the room tem-perature flexural strength in 3-point bending (cold modulus ofrupture) or compressive strength (cold crushing strength), orboth, for all refractory products.3.3 Considerable care must be used to compare the resultsof different dete
8、rminations of the cold crushing strength ormodulus of rupture. The specimen size and shape, the nature ofthe specimen faces (that is, as-formed, sawed, or ground), theorientation of those faces during testing, the loading geometry,and the rate of load application, may all significantly affect thenum
9、erical results obtained. Comparisons of the results betweendifferent determinations should not be made if one or more ofthese parameters differ between the two determinations.3.4 The relative ratio of the largest grain size to the smallestspecimen dimension may significantly affect the numericalresu
10、lts. For example, smaller, cut specimens containing largegrains may present different results than the bricks from whichthey were cut. Under no circumstances should 6- by 1- by 1-in.(152- by 25- by 25-mm) specimens be prepared and tested formaterials containing grains with a maximum grain dimensione
11、xceeding 0.25 in. (6.4 mm).3.5 This test method is useful for research and development,engineering application and design, manufacturing processcontrol, and for developing purchasing specifications.COLD CRUSHING STRENGTH4. Apparatus4.1 Testing MachineAny form of standard mechanical orhydraulic compr
12、ession testing machine conforming to therequirements of Practices E4 may be used.NOTE 1For low-strength materials (such as insulating bricks orcastables), a sensitivity of 20 lbf (67 kN) or less is required. The use of ahydraulic testing machine is also preferred over the mechanical type forthese ma
13、terials.4.2 Spherical Bearing BlockThe plane surface of thespherical bearing block (see Fig. 1) shall have an area which isequal to or greater than the cross section of the test specimen.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and are the direct responsibi
14、lity of Subcommittee C08.01 on Strength.Current edition approved March 1, 2015. Published May 2015. Originallyapproved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C133 97 (2008)1.DOI: 10.1520/C0133-97R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cust
15、omer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Test Specimens5.1 Brick and Shape
16、s (bulk density greater than 100 lb/ft3(1.60 g/cm3)The test specimens shall be 2-in. (51-mm)cubes or cylinders, 2 in. (51 mm) in diameter by 2 in. (51 mm)high. The height should be parallel to the original direction ofpressing of the brick or shape. In the case of special shapes,only one specimen sh
17、all be cut from a single shape and asmany of the original surfaces as possible shall be preserved. Inpreparing specimens from irregular or large refractory shapes,any method involving the use of abrasives, such as a high-speed abrasion wheel, core drill, or rubbing bed, that willproduce a specimen w
18、ith approximately plane and parallelsides without weakening the structure of the specimen may beused.5.2 Insulating Brick or Shapes (typical bulk density of 100lb/ft3(1.60 g/cm3), or greater than 45 % total porosity, orboth)The test specimens shall be 412 by 412 by 212 or 3 in.(114 by 114 by 64 or 7
19、6 mm), each taken from a different brick.It is permissible to prepare these specimens from the half-brickresulting from the modulus of rupture test (see Sections 914). The selected compression test section shall be free ofcracks, chipped surfaces, and other obvious defects. The testsurfaces shall be
20、 approximately parallel planes.5.3 Castable RefractoriesThe test specimens shall be 2-by 2- by 2-in. (51- by 51- by 51-mm) cubes or cylinders 2 in.(51 mm) in diameter by 2 in. (51 mm) high, prepared bycasting or gunning. It is permissible to prepare one specimenfrom each 9- by 2- by 2-in. (230- by 5
21、1- by 51-mm) bar afterthe modulus of rupture test (see Sections 914). The selectedcompression test section shall be free of cracks, chippedsurfaces, and other obvious defects. The loaded surfaces shallbe approximately parallel planes. All samples must be dried at220 to 230F (105 to 110C) for 18 h (o
22、vernight). Uponremoval from the oven, allow the sample to cool naturally untilcool to the touch. Complete testing within2hofremoval fromthe drying oven. (See Practices C862 and C1054.)6. Procedure6.1 At least five specimens from an equivalent number ofrefractory shapes compose a sample.NOTE 2For rel
23、atively weak specimens like insulating castables orinsulating firebricks, a minimum sample size of ten specimens is pre-ferred.6.2 Brick and ShapesPlace a cellulose fiber wall board(for example, Masonite3) 0.25 in. (6.4 mm) in thickness andextending 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) or more beyond the edges of thel
24、oaded faces of the specimen. Apply the load parallel to thedirection in which the brick was originally pressed.6.3 Regular and High Strength CastablesPlace a cellulosefiber wall board 0.25 in. (6.4 mm) in thickness and extending0.5 in. (12.7 mm) or more beyond the edges of the loaded facesof the spe
25、cimen. Apply the load on the 2- by 2-in. (51- by51-mm) or 2-in. (51-mm) diameter face and perpendicular tothe depth of the specimen as originally cast or gunned.6.4 Insulating Brick or ShapesApply the load directly tothe 412-by412-in. (114- by 114-mm) surface of the testspecimen.6.5 Insulating Casta
26、bles (typical bulk density of 100 lb/ft3(1.60 g/cm3), or greater than 45 % total porosity, or both)Apply the load directly to the 2- by 2-in. (51- by 51-mm) faceand perpendicular to the depth of the specimen as originallycast or gunned.6.6 Use the bearing block on top of the test specimen, andpositi
27、on it so that the center of the sphere is in alignment withthe vertical axis of the specimen (see Fig. 1). Keep thespherical bearing block thoroughly lubricated to ensure accu-rate adjustment which may be made by hand under a smallinitial load for each specimen.NOTE 3The spherical bearing block may
28、not be necessary on testmachines having mechanical linkages which ensure that the stress appliedis colinear with the axis of the specimen.6.7 For dense refractories with sufficient strength to requiregreater than about 3 min per test, initial loading to one-half ofthe anticipated failure load may be
29、 accomplished at anyconvenient rate exceeding the specified rate. Subsequently,each specimen shall be crushed with a compressive loadapplied at the standard rates specified in Table 1.The rates shallnot vary by more than 610 % of the specified rate for the typeof refractory being tested.6.8 When usi
30、ng a mechanical testing machine, keep thebalance beam in a constantly floating position.6.9 Specimens are loaded, as specified, to failure. Failure isdefined as the collapse of the specimen (failure to support theload), or the reduction of the specimen height to 90 % of itsoriginal value. The maximu
31、m applied load is recorded.7. Calculation7.1 Calculate the cold crushing strength using Eq 1:S 5 W/A (1)3Masonite has been found satisfactory for this purpose.FIG. 1 Recommended Design for Crushing Test Assembly, In-cluding Bearing BlockC133 97 (2015)2where:S = cold crushing strength, lbf/in.2(MPa),
32、W = total maximum load indicated by the testing machine,lbf (N), andA = average of the areas of the top and bottom of thespecimen perpendicular to the line of application of theload, in.2(mm2).8. Report8.1 Report the following:8.1.1 Designation of the materials tested (that is,manufacturer, brand, d
33、escription, lot number, etc.);8.1.2 Specimen configuration, including size, shape, loca-tion in the original brick or shape, the character of the faces(that is, cut, drilled, as-pressed, as-cast, etc.), and the specimenorientation during testing;8.1.3 Pretreatment, if any, given to the test pieces (
34、forexample, curing, firing, coking, etc.);8.1.4 Number of specimens in a sample;8.1.5 Individual specimen dimensions, the maximum ap-plied load, and the calculated cold crushing strength for eachspecimen (see 7.1);8.1.6 Mean cold crushing strength and standard deviationfor each sample.MODULUS OF RUP
35、TURE9. Apparatus9.1 Testing MachineAny form of standard mechanical orhydraulic compression testing machine conforming to therequirements of Practices E4 may be used.NOTE 4Properly calibrated portable apparatus may be used.9.2 Bearing Surfaces, that shall have a radius of curvature of58 in. (16 mm) o
36、r be cylindrical pieces 114-in. (32-mm) indiameter. For 6- by 1- by 1-in. (152- by 25- by 25-mm)specimens, the radius of curvature shall be316 in. (5 mm) orcylindrical pieces38 in. (10 mm) in diameter. All such bearingsurfaces shall be straight and of a length at least equal to thewidth of the test
37、specimen. The supporting members for thelower bearing surfaces shall be constructed so as to provide ameans for the alignment of the bearing surfaces with the undersurface of the test specimen because the test brick may have alongitudinal twist. Apparatus of the design shown in Fig. 2 isrecommended,
38、 although other types may be used, providedthey conform to these requirements. A satisfactory alternativedesign is shown in Fig. 3.10. Test Specimens10.1 Brick and Shapes (bulk density greater than 100 lb/ft3(1.60 g/cm3)The preferred test specimens shall be standard9- by 412-by212- or 3-in. (228- by
39、 114- by 64- or 76-mm)bricks, or specimens of equivalent size ground or cut fromrefractory shapes. In the case of special shapes, only onespecimen shall be cut from a single shape. As many originalsurfaces as possible shall be preserved. Where brick sizes areimpossible or impracticable, alternative
40、specimen sizes of 9 by2 by 2 in. (228 by 51 by 51 mm) or 6 by 1 by 1 in. (152 by 25by 25 mm) may be prepared. In preparing specimens fromirregular or larger shapes, any method involving the use ofabrasives, such as a high-speed abrasion wheel or rubbing bed,that will produce a specimen with approxim
41、ately plane andparallel sides without weakening the structure may be used.10.2 Insulating Brick or Shapes (typical bulk density of 100lb/ft3(1.60 g/cm3), or total porosity greater than 45 %, orboth)The test specimens shall be whole brick measuring 9 by412 by 212 or 3 in. (228 by 114 by 64 or 76 mm),
42、 or specimensof equivalent size cut from larger shapes.10.3 Castable RefractoriesThe test specimens shall be 9-by 2- by 2-in. (228- by 51- by 51-mm) bars prepared by castingor gunning. The top and bottom, and the side faces,respectively, shall be approximately parallel planes. Allsamples must be dri
43、ed at 220 to 230F (105 to 110C) for 18h (overnight). Upon removal from the oven, allow the sampleTABLE 1 Standard Loading Rates for Cold Crushing StrengthRefractory Type Size, in. (mm)Loaded CrossSection, in. (mm)Loaded Area, in.2mm2)Stress Rate,lbf/in.2/min(MPa/min)Loading Rate,lbf/min (kN/min)Stra
44、in Rate,Ain./min (mm/min)Refractory Brick and ShapesDensity 100 lb/ft3(1.60 gm/cm3), or45 % true porosity, or both4.54.52.5C,D(11411464)4.54.5(114 114)20.25(13 064)435(3)8809(39)0.05(1.3)(Includes dried, unfired plastic or rammedrefractories)4.54.53C,D(11411476)4.54.5(114 114)20.25(13 064)435(3)8809
45、(39)0.05(1.3)222D,E(515151)22(51 51)4(2601)435(3)1740(7.80)0.05(1.3)2 diameter 2E2, diameter 3.14 435 1367 0.05(51 diameter 51) (51, diameter) (2027) (3) (6.08) (1.3)AWhere possible, loading at a constant stress rate is preferable to constant strain rate loading.BFor dense refractory brick and shape
46、s requiring more than a 3-min test duration, specimens may be loaded to one half of the anticipated fracture strength at anyconvenient rate exceeding that specified.CThese sizes are preferred for insulating firebricks.DThese pieces may be cut from broken halves of MOR specimens.EThese sizes are pref
47、erred for insulating castables.C133 97 (2015)3to cool naturally until cool to the touch. Complete testingwithin2hofremoval from the drying oven. (See PracticesC862 and C1054.)11. Procedure11.1 At least five specimens from an equivalent number ofrefractory shapes compose a sample.NOTE 5For relatively
48、 weak specimens like insulating refractories, aminimum sample size of ten specimens is preferred.11.2 Place a test specimen flat on the bearing cylinders witha span as specified in Table 2 and with the load applied atmid-span. Whenever possible, use an original, unbrandedsurface of a brick or shape
49、as the tension face, that is, the facein contact with the two bottom bearing cylinders. For castablepieces, the depth dimension of the specimen as originally castor gunned is horizontal; that is, the top surface of the casting orgunned sample becomes a side of the properly oriented testspecimen.11.3 Each specimen shall be broken at mid-span in flexurewith a loading applied according to the standard loading ratesgiven in Table 2. For high-strength materials requiring longerthan about 3 min to perform a test, initial lo
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