1、Designation: C140 13C140/C140M 13aStandard Test Methods forSampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and RelatedUnits1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C140;C140/C140M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods provide various testing procedures commonly used for evaluating characteristics
3、of concrete masonryunits and related concrete units. Methods are provided for sampling, measurement of dimensions, compressive strength,absorption, unit weight (density), moisture content, flexural load, and ballast weight. Not all methods are applicable to all unittypes, however.1.2 Specific testin
4、g and reporting procedures are included in annexes to these test methods for the following specific unit types:Annex A1Concrete masonry units (Specifications C90, C129)Annex A2Concrete and calcium silicate brick(Specifications C55, C73, C1634)Annex A3Segmental retaining wall units (Specification C13
5、72)Annex A4Concrete interlocking paving units(Specification C936/C936M)Annex A5Concrete grid paving units (Specification C1319)Annex A6Concrete roof pavers (Specification C1491)Annex A7Dry-cast articulating concrete block(Specification D6684)1.3 The test procedures included in these test methods are
6、 also applicable to other types of units not referenced in these testmethods, but specific testing and reporting requirements for those units are not included.1.4 These test methods include the following sections:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Significance and Use 4Sampling 5Measur
7、ement of Dimensions 6Compressive Strength 7Absorption 8Calculations 9Report 10Keywords 111 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.03 onConcrete Masonry Units and Related Units.Current edi
8、tion approved March 15, 2013Aug. 1, 2013. Published April 2013August 2013. Originally approved in 1938. Last previous edition approved in 2012 asC140 12a. DOI: 10.1520/C0140-13.10.1520/C0140_C0140M-13A.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard
9、 an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is
10、 to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1SectionAnnexesTest ProceduresConcrete Masonry Units Annex A1Concrete and Calcium
11、Silicate Brick Annex A2Segmental RetainingWall UnitsAnnex A3Concrete Interlocking Paving Units Annex A4Concrete Grid PavingUnitsAnnex A5Concrete Roof Pavers Annex A6Dry-Cast ArticulatingConcrete BlockAnnex A7Determining Plate ThicknessRequirements forCompression TestingAnnex A8Worksheet and Test Rep
12、ort forConcrete Masonry UnitsAppendix X1NOTE 1The testing laboratory performing these test methods should be evaluated in accordance with Practice C1093.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard, except in Annex A4, where either SI units orinch-pound units are to b
13、e regarded separately as standard. The values given in parentheses throughout are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered stated in each system may not be exactequivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Comb
14、ining values from the two systems may resultin non-conformance with the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and de
15、termine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C55 Specification for Concrete Building BrickC73 Specification for Calcium Silicate Brick (Sand-Lime Brick)C90 Specification for Loadbearing Concrete Masonry UnitsC129 Specification for Nonload
16、bearing Concrete Masonry UnitsC143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement ConcreteC936/C936M Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving UnitsC1093 Practice for Accreditation of Testing Agencies for MasonryC1232 Terminology of MasonryC1319 Specification for Concrete Grid Paving Uni
17、tsC1372 Specification for Dry-Cast Segmental Retaining Wall UnitsC1491 Specification for Concrete Roof PaversC1552 Practice for Capping Concrete Masonry Units, Related Units and Masonry Prisms for Compression TestingC1634 Specification for Concrete Facing BrickD6684 Specification for Materials and M
18、anufacture of Articulating Concrete Block (ACB) Revetment SystemsE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing3. Terminology3.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C1232 and E6 shall apply for these test methods.4. Significance and U
19、se4.1 These test methods provide general testing requirements for application to a broad range of concrete products. Those generaltesting requirements are included in the body of this standard.NOTE 2Consult manufacturer, supplier, product specifications, or other resources for more specific measurem
20、ent or testing guidelines for thoseproducts not addressed with the annex of this standard.4.2 These test methods provide specific testing requirements in two distinct sections, the requirements applicable to all unitscovered by these test methods and those applicable to the specific unit types. The
21、requirements applicable to all units are includedin the body of these test methods and those applicable to the specific unit types are included within the annexes.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book
22、of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.C140/C140M 13a25. Sampling5.1 Selection of Test Specimens:5.1.1 For purposes of testing, full-sized units shall be selected by the purchaser or authorized representative. The selectedspecimens shall
23、 be of similar configuration and dimensions. Specimens shall be representative of the whole lot of units from whichthey are selected.5.1.2 The term “lot” refers to any number of concrete masonry units or related units of any configuration or dimensionmanufactured by the producer using the same mater
24、ials, concrete mix design, manufacturing process, and curing method.5.2 Number of Specimens:5.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, a set of units shall consist of six full-size units.5.2.2 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, for the compressive strength, absorption
25、, unit weight (density), andmoisture content determinations, one set of units shall be selected from each lot of 10 000 units or fraction thereof and two setsof units from each lot of more than 10 000 and less than 100 000 units. For lots of more than 100 000 units, one set of units shallbe selected
26、 from each 50 000 units or fraction thereof contained in the lot. Additional specimens shall be taken if directed by thepurchaser.5.3 Remove loose material from the specimens (including the cores) prior to determining the received weight.NOTE 3An abrasive stone or wire brush is typically used to rem
27、ove loose material.5.4 IdentificationMark each specimen so that it may be identified at any time. Markings shall cover not more than 5 % of thesurface area of the specimen.5.5 Received WeightWeigh each specimen immediately after sampling and marking, and record as Wr (received weight).Record time an
28、d place Wr was measured.NOTE 4Received weights often have direct relationships with other unit properties and are therefore a useful method of evaluating results or forsorting purposes. The weight of a concrete masonry unit and related unit changes with time and exposure conditions, primarily as a r
29、esult of the moisturewithin the unit. Therefore, to understand the context of a received weight value, it is also important to understand the point in time and the frame ofreference when that weight was determined. “Time and place” should not refer to when and where the unit was sampled but when and
30、 where the receivedweights were determined. In addition to date and time references, it is also important to know if those weights were determined after units reachedequilibrium with lab environment, or before units were shipped, or after delivery to the job site, and so forth.6. Measurement of Dime
31、nsions6.1 Apparatus:6.1.1 Measurement DevicesDevices used to measure specimen dimensions shall have divisions not greater than 0.1 in. (2.5mm)2.5 mm when the dimension is to be reported to the nearest 0.1 in. (2.5 mm)2.5 mm and not greater than 0.01 in. (0.25mm)0.25 mm when the dimension is to be re
32、ported to the nearest 0.01 in. (0.25 mm).0.25 mm.6.1.2 Measuring devices shall be readable and accurate to the division required to be reported.Accuracy shall be verified at leastonce annually. Verification record shall include date of verification, person or agency performing verification, identifi
33、cation ofreference standard used, test points used during verification, and readings at test points.6.2 SpecimensThree full-size units shall be selected for measurement of dimensions.6.3 MeasurementsMeasure specimens in accordance with the applicable annex of this standard. For those products notcov
34、ered by the annexes of this standard, measure overall dimensions (width, height, length) in at least two locations on oppositesides of the specimen to the nearest division required to be reported. Document location of each measurement on a sketch orphotograph of the specimen.NOTE 5Specimens used for
35、 measurement of dimensions may be used in other tests.NOTE 6Calipers, micrometers, and steel scales and dividers of the appropriate accuracy and readability have been shown to be adequate for thesemeasurements.7. Compressive Strength7.1 Test Apparatus:7.1.1 The testing machine shall have an accuracy
36、 of 61.0 % over the anticipated load range. The upper platen shall be aspherically seated, hardened metal block firmly attached at the center of the upper head of the machine. The center of the sphereshall lie at the center of the surface held in its spherical seat but shall be free to turn in any d
37、irection, and its perimeter shall haveat least 140.25 in. (6.3 mm)6 mm clearance from the head to accommodate specimens whose bearing surfaces are not parallel.The diameter of the upper platen (determined in accordance with AnnexA8) shall be at least 6 in. (150 mm).150 mm.Ahardenedmetal bearing plat
38、e may be used beneath the specimen to minimize wear of the lower platen of the machine.7.1.2 When the bearing area of the upper platen or lower platen is not sufficient to cover the area of the specimen, a single steelplate with a thickness equal to at least the distance from the edge of the platen
39、to the most distant corner of the specimen shallbe placed between the platen and the capped specimen. The length and width of the steel plate shall be at least 140.25 in. (6 mm)6mm greater than the length and width of the units.C140/C140M 13a37.1.3 The surfaces of the platen or plate intended for co
40、ntact with the specimen shall have a hardness not less than HRC 60(BHN 620). The surfaces of the platen and plate shall not depart from plane surfaces by more than 0.001 in. (0.03 mm)0.025 mmin any 6 in. (150 mm)150 mm dimension.NOTE 7Research has shown that thickness of bearing plates has a signifi
41、cant effect on the tested compressive strength of masonry units when thebearing area of the platen is not sufficient to cover the area of the specimen. Plate bending results in nonuniform stress distributions that can influencethe failure mechanisms of the tested specimens. The magnitude of this eff
42、ect is controlled by the stiffness of the plate, the size of the specimen tested,and the strength of the specimen. Tested compressive strengths will typically increase with increased plate thickness and with reduced distance to thefurthest corner of the specimen. Some testing laboratories have limit
43、ations that limit the practicality of eliminating plate bending entirely. Therefore theplate thickness requirements in 7.1 are intended to provide an adequate level of accuracy in the compression test results so as to conform to the limitsof practicality of the testing laboratory.NOTE 8AnnexA8 inclu
44、des guidance on determining the required plate thickness based on the configuration of the test specimen and the test machine.7.1.4 The testing machine shall be verified in accordance with Practices E4 at a frequency defined by Practice C1093.7.2 Test Specimens:7.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in th
45、e applicable annex, test three specimens in compression.7.2.2 When possible and unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, specimens shall be full-sized units. When the unitscannot be tested full-size due to specimen configuration or testing machine requirements, reduce the specimen size in
46、 accordancewith Annex A1.7.2.3 After delivery to the laboratory, store compression specimens (unstacked and separated by not less than 0.5 in. (13 mm)13mm on all sides) continuously in air at a temperature of 75 6 15F (2424 6 8C)8C and a relative humidity of less than 80 %for not less than 48 h. Alt
47、ernatively, if compression results are required sooner, store units unstacked in the same environmentdescribed above with a current of air from an electric fan passing over them for a period of not less than 4 h. Continue passingair over the specimens until two successive weighings at intervals of 2
48、 h show an increment of loss not greater than 0.2 % of thepreviously determined weight of the specimen and until no moisture or dampness is visible on any surface of the unit. Specimensshall not be subjected to oven-drying.NOTE 9In this test method, net area (other than certain solid units, see 9.4)
49、 is determined from specimens other than those subjected to compressiontesting. The compressive strength method is based on the assumption that units used for determining net volume (absorption specimens) have the samenet volume as units used for compression testing. Sampled split face units, which have irregular surfaces, should be divided at the time they are sampledfrom the lot, such that the absorption test specimens have a net volume that is visually representative and a weight that is representative of the compressiontest sp
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