1、Designation: C140/C140M 17aC140/C140M 17bStandard Test Methods forSampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and RelatedUnits1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C140/C140M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test
3、methods provide various testing procedures commonly used for evaluating characteristics of concrete masonryunits and related concrete units. Methods are provided for sampling, measurement of dimensions, compressive strength,absorption, unit weight (density), moisture content, flexural load, and ball
4、ast weight. Not all methods are applicable to all unittypes, however.1.2 Specific testing and reporting procedures are included in annexes to these test methods for the following specific unit types:Annex A1Concrete masonry units (Specifications C90, C129)Annex A2Concrete and calcium silicate brick(
5、Specifications C55, C73, C1634)Annex A3Segmental retaining wall units (Specification C1372)Annex A4Concrete interlocking paving units(Specification C936/C936M)Annex A5Concrete grid paving units (Specification C1319)Annex A6Concrete roof pavers (Specification C1491)Annex A7Dry-cast articulating concr
6、ete block(Specification D6684)1.3 The test procedures included in these test methods are also applicable to other types of units not referenced in these testmethods, but specific testing and reporting requirements for those units are not included.1.4 These test methods include the following sections
7、:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Significance and Use 4Sampling 5Measurement of Dimensions 6Compressive Strength 7Absorption 8Calculations 9Report 10Keywords 11AnnexesTest ProceduresConcrete Masonry Units Annex A1Concrete and Calcium Silicate Brick Annex A2Segmental RetainingWall Un
8、itsAnnex A3Concrete Interlocking Paving Units Annex A4Concrete Grid PavingUnitsAnnex A5Concrete Roof Pavers Annex A6Dry-Cast ArticulatingConcrete BlockAnnex A7Determining Plate ThicknessRequirements forCompression TestingAnnex A81 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 o
9、n Manufactured Masonry Units and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.03 onConcrete Masonry Units and Related Units.Current edition approved June 1, 2017Dec. 15, 2017. Published July 2017January 2018. Originally approved in 1938. Last previous edition approved in 2017 asC140 17.C140 17a
10、. DOI: 10.1520/C0140_C0140M-17A.10.1520/C0140_C0140M-17B.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes
11、 accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr H
12、arbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1SectionWorksheet and Test Report forConcrete Masonry UnitsAppendix X1NOTE 1The testing laboratory performing these test methods should be evaluated in accordance with Practice C1093.1.5 The text of this test method references
13、notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
14、 eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. I
15、t is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized prin
16、ciples on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C55 Specification for Concrete Bu
17、ilding BrickC73 Specification for Calcium Silicate Brick (Sand-Lime Brick)C90 Specification for Loadbearing Concrete Masonry UnitsC129 Specification for Nonloadbearing Concrete Masonry UnitsC143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement ConcreteC936/C936M Specification for Solid Concrete Inter
18、locking Paving UnitsC1093 Practice for Accreditation of Testing Agencies for MasonryC1232 Terminology for MasonryC1319 Specification for Concrete Grid Paving UnitsC1372 Specification for Dry-Cast Segmental Retaining Wall UnitsC1491 Specification for Concrete Roof PaversC1552 Practice for Capping Con
19、crete Masonry Units, Related Units and Masonry Prisms for Compression TestingC1634 Specification for Concrete Facing BrickD6684 Specification for Materials and Manufacture of Articulating Concrete Block (ACB) Revetment SystemsE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Rela
20、ting to Methods of Mechanical Testing2.2 Other Documents:SP 960-12 NIST Recommended Practice Guide Stopwatch and Timer Calibration33. Terminology3.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C1232 and E6 shall apply for these test methods.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 lot, nany
21、 number of concrete masonry units or related units, designated by the producer, of any configuration ordimension manufactured by the producer using the same materials, concrete mix design, manufacturing process, and curingmethod.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods provide general testing r
22、equirements for application to a broad range of concrete products. Those generaltesting requirements are included in the body of this standard.NOTE 2Consult manufacturer, supplier, product specifications, or other resources for more specific measurement or testing guidelines for thoseproducts not ad
23、dressed with the annex of this standard.4.2 These test methods provide specific testing requirements in two distinct sections, the requirements applicable to all unitscovered by these test methods and those applicable to the specific unit types. The requirements applicable to all units are includedi
24、n the body of these test methods and those applicable to the specific unit types are included within the annexes.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the
25、standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available at http:/tf.nist.gov/general/pdf/2281.pdfC140/C140M 17b25. Sampling5.1 Selection of Test Specimens:5.1.1 For purposes of testing, full-sized units shall be selected by the purchaser or authorized representative. The selectedspecimens sh
26、all be of similar configuration and dimensions. Specimens shall be representative of the whole lot of units from whichthey are selected.5.2 Number of Specimens:5.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, a set of units shall consist of six full-size units.5.3 Remove loose material from
27、 the specimens (including the cores) prior to determining the received weight.NOTE 3An abrasive stone or wire brush is typically used to remove loose material.5.4 IdentificationMark each specimen so that it may be identified at any time. Markings shall cover not more than 5 % of thesurface area of t
28、he specimen.5.5 Received WeightWeigh each specimen immediately after sampling and marking, and record as wr (received weight).Record time and place wr was measured.NOTE 4Received weights often have direct relationships with other unit properties and are therefore a useful method of evaluating result
29、s or forsorting purposes. The weight of a concrete masonry unit and related unit changes with time and exposure conditions, primarily as a result of the moisturewithin the unit. Therefore, to understand the context of a received weight value, it is also important to understand the point in time and
30、the frame ofreference when that weight was determined. “Time and place” should not refer to when and where the unit was sampled but when and where the receivedweights were determined. In addition to date and time references, it is also important to know if those weights were determined after units r
31、eachedequilibrium with lab environment, or before units were shipped, or after delivery to the job site, and so forth.6. Measurement of Dimensions6.1 Apparatus:6.1.1 Measurement DevicesDevices used to measure specimen dimensions shall have divisions not greater than 0.1 in.2.5 mm when the dimension
32、is to be reported to the nearest 0.1 in. 2.5 mm and not greater than 0.01 in. 0.25 mm when thedimension is to be reported to the nearest 0.01 in. 0.25 mm.6.1.2 Measuring devices shall be readable and accurate to the division required to be reported.Accuracy shall be verified at leastonce annually. V
33、erification record shall include date of verification, person or agency performing verification, identification ofreference standard used, test points used during verification, and readings at test points.6.2 SpecimensThree full-size units shall be selected for measurement of dimensions.6.3 Measurem
34、entsMeasure specimens in accordance with the applicable annex of this standard. For those products notcovered by the annexes of this standard, measure overall dimensions (width, height, length) in at least two locations on oppositesides of the specimen to the nearest division required to be reported
35、. Document location of each measurement on a sketch orphotograph of the specimen.NOTE 5Specimens used for measurement of dimensions may be used in other tests.NOTE 6Calipers, micrometers, and steel scales and dividers of the appropriate accuracy and readability have been shown to be adequate for the
36、semeasurements.7. Compressive Strength7.1 Test Apparatus:7.1.1 The testing machine shall have an accuracy of 61.0 % over the anticipated load range. The upper platen shall be aspherically seated, hardened metal block firmly attached at the center of the upper head of the machine. The center of the s
37、phereshall lie at the center of the surface held in its spherical seat but shall be free to turn in any direction, and its perimeter shall haveat least 0.25 in. 6 mm clearance from the head to accommodate specimens whose bearing surfaces are not parallel. The diameterof the upper platen (determined
38、in accordance with Annex A8) shall be at least 6 in. 150 mm. A hardened metal bearing platemay be used beneath the specimen to minimize wear of the lower platen of the machine.7.1.2 When the bearing area of the upper platen or lower platen is not sufficient to cover the area of the specimen, a singl
39、e steelplate with a thickness equal to at least the distance from the edge of the platen to the most distant corner of the specimen shallbe placed between the platen and the capped specimen. The length and width of the steel plate shall be at least 0.25 in. 6 mmgreater than the length and width of t
40、he units. See Annex A8 for information on determining the required minimum bearing platethickness, tBP. The provided bearing plate (when needed) shall have a thickness at least equal to the value of tBP as determinedin Annex A8.7.1.3 The surfaces of the platen or plate intended for contact with the
41、specimen shall have a hardness not less than HRC 60(BHN 620). The surfaces of the platen and plate shall not depart from plane surfaces by more than 0.001 in. 0.025 mm in any6 in. 150 mm dimension.NOTE 7Research has shown that thickness of bearing plates has a significant effect on the tested compre
42、ssive strength of masonry units when thebearing area of the platen is not sufficient to cover the area of the specimen. Plate bending results in nonuniform stress distributions that can influenceC140/C140M 17b3the failure mechanisms of the tested specimens. The magnitude of this effect is controlled
43、 by the stiffness of the plate, the size of the specimen tested,and the strength of the specimen. Tested compressive strengths will typically increase with increased plate thickness and with reduced distance to thefurthest corner of the specimen. Some testing laboratories have limitations that limit
44、 the practicality of eliminating plate bending entirely. Therefore theplate thickness requirements in 7.1 are intended to provide an adequate level of accuracy in the compression test results so as to conform to the limitsof practicality of the testing laboratory.7.1.4 The testing machine shall be v
45、erified in accordance with Practices E4 at a frequency defined by Practice C1093.7.2 Test Specimens:7.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, test three specimens in compression.7.2.2 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, specimens shall be full-sized units except when
46、the units cannot betested full-size due to specimen configuration or testing machine requirements. In these cases, reduce the specimen size inaccordance with Annex A1.7.2.3 After delivery to the laboratory, store compression specimens (unstacked and separated by not less than 0.5 in. 13 mmon all sid
47、es) continuously in air at a temperature of 75 6 15F 24 6 8C and a relative humidity of less than 80 % for not lessthan 48 h.Alternatively, if compression results are required sooner, store units unstacked in the same environment described abovewith a current of air from an electric fan passing over
48、 them for a period of not less than 4 h. Continue passing air over the specimensuntil two successive weighings at intervals of 2 h show an increment of loss not greater than 0.2 % of the previously determinedweight of the specimen and until no moisture or dampness is visible on any surface of the un
49、it. Specimens shall not be subjectedto oven-drying.NOTE 8In this test method, net area (other than certain solid units, see 9.5) is determined from specimens other than those subjected to compressiontesting. The compressive strength method is based on the assumption that units used for determining net volume (absorption specimens) have the samenet volume as units used for compression testing. Sampled split face units, which have irregular surfaces, should be divided at the time they are sampledfrom the lot, such that the absorpt
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