1、Designation: C140 11aStandard Test Methods forSampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and RelatedUnits1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C140; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods provide various testing procedurescommonly used for evaluating characteristics of concretemasonry units
3、and related concrete units. Methods are providedfor sampling, measurement of dimensions, compressivestrength, absorption, unit weight (density), moisture content,flexural load, and ballast weight. Not all methods are appli-cable to all unit types, however.1.2 Specific testing and reporting procedure
4、s are included inannexes to these test methods for the following specific unittypes:Annex A1Concrete masonry units (Specifications C90, C129)Annex A2Concrete and calcium silicate brick(Specifications C55, C73, C1634)Annex A3Segmental retaining wall units (Specification C1372)Annex A4Concrete interlo
5、cking paving units(Specification C936/C936M)Annex A5Concrete grid paving units (Specification C1319)Annex A6Concrete roof pavers (Specification C1491)Annex A7Dry-cast articulating concrete block(Specification D6684)1.3 The test procedures included in these test methods arealso applicable to other ty
6、pes of units not referenced in thesetest methods, but specific testing and reporting requirementsfor those units are not included.1.4 These test methods include the following sections:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Significance and Use 4Sampling 5Measurement of Dimensions 6Compress
7、ive Strength 7Absorption 8Calculations 9Report 10Keywords 11SectionAnnexesTest ProceduresConcrete Masonry Units AnnexA1Concrete and Calcium Sili-cate BrickAnnexA2Segmental RetainingWall UnitsAnnexA3Concrete Interlocking Paving Units AnnexA4Concrete Grid PavingUnitsAnnexA5Concrete Roof Pav-ersAnnexA6
8、Dry-Cast ArticulatingConcrete BlockAnnexA7Determining Plate ThicknessRequirements forCompression TestingAnnexA8Worksheet and Test Report forConcrete Masonry UnitsAppen-dix X1NOTE 1The testing laboratory performing these test methods shouldbe evaluated in accordance with Practice C1093.1.5 The values
9、 stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard, except in Annex A4, where either SI units orinch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues given in parentheses throughout are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not c
10、onsidered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to
11、use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C55 Specification for Concrete Building BrickC73 Specification for Calcium Silicate Brick (Sand-LimeBrick)1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
12、C15.03 on Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011. Published September 2011. Originallyapproved in 1938. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C140 11. DOI:10.1520/C0140-11A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact AST
13、M Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consho
14、hocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.C90 Specification for Loadbearing Concrete Masonry UnitsC129 Specification for Nonloadbearing Concrete MasonryUnitsC143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-CementConcreteC936/C936M Specification for Solid Concrete InterlockingPaving UnitsC1093 Practice for A
15、ccreditation of Testing Agencies forMasonryC1232 Terminology of MasonryC1319 Specification for Concrete Grid Paving UnitsC1372 Specification for Dry-Cast Segmental RetainingWall UnitsC1491 Specification for Concrete Roof PaversC1552 Practice for Capping Concrete Masonry Units, Re-lated Units and Mas
16、onry Prisms for Compression TestingC1634 Specification for Concrete Facing BrickD6684 Specification for Materials and Manufacture of Ar-ticulating Concrete Block (ACB) Revetment SystemsE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing3. T
17、erminology3.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C1232 and E6shall apply for these test methods.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods provide general testing requirementsfor application to a broad range of concrete products. Thosegeneral testing requirements are included in the body of thi
18、sstandard.NOTE 2Consult manufacturer, supplier, product specifications, orother resources for more specific measurement or testing guidelines forthose products not addressed with the annex of this standard.4.2 These test methods provide specific testing requirementsin two distinct sections, the requ
19、irements applicable to all unitscovered by these test methods and those applicable to thespecific unit types. The requirements applicable to all units areincluded in the body of these test methods and those applicableto the specific unit types are included within the annexes.5. Sampling5.1 Selection
20、 of Test Specimens:5.1.1 For purposes of testing, full-sized units shall beselected by the purchaser or authorized representative. Theselected specimens shall be of similar configuration anddimensions. Specimens shall be representative of the whole lotof units from which they are selected.5.1.2 The
21、term “lot” refers to any number of concretemasonry units of any configuration or dimension manufacturedby the producer using the same materials, concrete mix design,manufacturing process, and curing method.5.2 Number of Specimens:5.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, aset of unit
22、s shall consist of six full-size units.5.2.2 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, forthe compressive strength, absorption, unit weight (density),and moisture content determinations, one set of units shall beselected from each lot of 10 000 units or fraction thereof andtwo sets of unit
23、s from each lot of more than 10 000 and lessthan 100 000 units. For lots of more than 100 000 units, one setof units shall be selected from each 50 000 units or fractionthereof contained in the lot. Additional specimens shall betaken if directed by the purchaser.5.3 Remove loose material from the sp
24、ecimens (includingthe cores) prior to determining the received weight.NOTE 3An abrasive stone or wire brush is typically used to removeloose material.5.4 IdentificationMark each specimen so that it may beidentified at any time. Markings shall cover not more than 5 %of the surface area of the specime
25、n.5.5 Received WeightWeigh each specimen immediatelyafter sampling and marking, and record as Wr(receivedweight). Record time and place Wrwas measured.NOTE 4Received weights often have direct relationships with otherunit properties and are therefore a useful method of evaluating results orfor sortin
26、g purposes. The weight of a concrete masonry unit and relatedunit changes with time and exposure conditions, primarily as a result ofthe moisture within the unit. Therefore, to understand the context of areceived weight value, it is also important to understand the point in timeand the frame of refe
27、rence when that weight was determined. “Time andplace” should not refer to when and where the unit was sampled but whenand where the received weights were determined. In addition to date andtime references, it is also important to know if those weights weredetermined after units reached equilibrium
28、with lab environment, orbefore units were shipped, or after delivery to the job site, and so forth.6. Measurement of Dimensions6.1 Apparatus:6.1.1 Measurement DevicesDevices used to measurespecimen dimensions shall have divisions not greater than 0.1in. (2.5 mm) when the dimension is to be reported
29、to thenearest 0.1 in. (2.5 mm) and not greater than 0.01 in. (0.25 mm)when the dimension is to be reported to the nearest 0.01 in.(0.25 mm).6.1.2 Measuring devices shall be readable and accurate tothe division required to be reported. Accuracy shall be verifiedat least once annually. Verification re
30、cord shall include date ofverification, person or agency performing verification, identi-fication of reference standard used, test points used duringverification, and readings at test points.6.2 SpecimensThree full-size units shall be selected formeasurement of dimensions.6.3 MeasurementsMeasure spe
31、cimens in accordance withthe applicable annex of this standard. For those products notcovered by the annexes of this standard, measure overalldimensions (width, height, length) in at least two locations onopposite sides of the specimen to the nearest division requiredto be reported. Document locatio
32、n of each measurement on asketch or photograph of the specimen.NOTE 5Specimens used for measurement of dimensions may be usedin other tests.NOTE 6Calipers, micrometers, and steel scales and dividers of theappropriate accuracy and readability have been shown to be adequate forthese measurements.7. Co
33、mpressive Strength7.1 Test Apparatus:C140 11a27.1.1 The testing machine shall have an accuracy of 61.0 %over the anticipated load range. The upper platen shall be aspherically seated, hardened metal block firmly attached at thecenter of the upper head of the machine. The center of thesphere shall li
34、e at the center of the surface held in its sphericalseat but shall be free to turn in any direction, and its perimetershall have at least14 in. (6.3 mm) clearance from the head toaccommodate specimens whose bearing surfaces are not par-allel. The diameter of the upper platen (determined in accor-dan
35、ce with Annex A8) shall be at least 6 in. (150 mm). Ahardened metal bearing plate may be used beneath the speci-men to minimize wear of the lower platen of the machine.7.1.2 When the bearing area of the upper platen or lowerplaten is not sufficient to cover the area of the specimen, asingle steel pl
36、ate with a thickness equal to at least the distancefrom the edge of the platen to the most distant corner of thespecimen shall be placed between the platen and the cappedspecimen. The length and width of the steel plate shall be atleast14 in. (6 mm) greater than the length and width of theunits.7.1.
37、3 The surfaces of the platen or plate intended for contactwith the specimen shall have a hardness not less than HRC 60(BHN 620). The surfaces of the platen and plate shall notdepart from plane surfaces by more than 0.001 in. (0.03 mm)in any 6 in. (150 mm) dimension.NOTE 7Research has shown that thic
38、kness of bearing plates has asignificant effect on the tested compressive strength of masonry unitswhen the bearing area of the platen is not sufficient to cover the area of thespecimen. Plate bending results in nonuniform stress distributions that caninfluence the failure mechanisms of the tested s
39、pecimens. The magnitudeof this effect is controlled by the stiffness of the plate, the size of thespecimen tested, and the strength of the specimen. Tested compressivestrengths will typically increase with increased plate thickness and withreduced distance to the furthest corner of the specimen. Som
40、e testinglaboratories have limitations that limit the practicality of eliminating platebending entirely. Therefore the plate thickness requirements in 7.1 areintended to provide an adequate level of accuracy in the compression testresults so as to conform to the limits of practicality of the testing
41、laboratory.NOTE 8Annex A8 includes guidance on determining the requiredplate thickness based on the configuration of the test specimen and the testmachine.7.1.4 The testing machine shall be verified in accordancewith Practices E4 at a frequency defined by Practice C1093.7.2 Test Specimens:7.2.1 Unle
42、ss specified otherwise in the applicable annex,test three specimens in compression.7.2.2 When possible and unless specified otherwise in theapplicable annex, specimens shall be full-sized units. When theunits cannot be tested full-size due to specimen configurationor testing machine requirements, re
43、duce the specimen size inaccordance with Annex A1.7.2.3 After delivery to the laboratory, store compressionspecimens (unstacked and separated by not less than 0.5 in. (13mm) on all sides) continuously in air at a temperature of 75 615F (24 6 8C) and a relative humidity of less than 80 % fornot less
44、than 48 h. Alternatively, if compression results arerequired sooner, store units unstacked in the same environmentdescribed above with a current of air from an electric fanpassing over them for a period of not less than 4 h. Continuepassing air over the specimens until two successive weighingsat int
45、ervals of 2 h show an increment of loss not greater than0.2 % of the previously determined weight of the specimen anduntil no moisture or dampness is visible on any surface of theunit. Specimens shall not be subjected to oven-drying.NOTE 9In this test method, net area (other than certain solid units
46、, see9.4) is determined from specimens other than those subjected to compres-sion testing. The compressive strength method is based on the assumptionthat units used for determining net volume (absorption specimens) havethe same net volume as units used for compression testing. Sampled splitface unit
47、s, which have irregular surfaces, should be divided at the timethey are sampled from the lot, such that the absorption test specimens havea net volume that is visually representative and a weight that isrepresentative of the compression test specimens.7.2.4 Where saw-cutting of test specimens is all
48、owed orrequired by the standard or applicable annex, sawing shall beperformed in an accurate, competent manner, subjecting thespecimen to as little saw vibration as possible. Use a diamondsaw blade of proper hardness. If the specimen is wetted duringsawing, allow the specimen to dry to equilibrium w
49、ith labora-tory air conditions before testing, using the procedures outlinedin 7.2.3.7.2.5 If compression test specimens have been saw-cut fromfull-sized units and the net area of the compression testspecimens can not be determined by 9.4.1, saw-cut an addi-tional three units to the dimensions and configuration of thethree compression test specimens. The average net area for thesaw-cut compression specimens shall be taken as the averagenet area of the additional three saw-cut units calculated asrequired in 9.4. Calculated net volumes of saw-cut specimenssha
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