1、Designation: C 1417 04Standard Specification forManufacture of Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain,and Culvert Pipe for Direct Design1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1417; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and accep-tance of precast concrete pipe designed
3、 to conform to theowners design requirements and to ASCE 15-93 or anequivalent design specification.1.2 This specification is the companion to SI SpecificationC 1417M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in thisspecification.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 82 Specification for St
4、eel Wire, Plain, for Concrete Re-inforcementA 185 Specification for Steel Welded Wire Reinforcement,Plain, for ConcreteA 496 Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, for ConcreteReinforcementA 497 Specification for Steel Welded Wire Reinforcement,Deformed, for ConcreteA 615/A 615M Specification for D
5、eformed and PlainBillet-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementC 33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC 76 Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, StormDrain, and Sewer PipeC 150 Specification for Portland CementC 497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections,or TileC 595 Specificatio
6、n for Blended Hydraulic Cements (Met-ric)C 618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture inPortland Cement ConcreteC 655 Specification for Reinforced Concrete D-Load Cul-vert, Storm Drain, and Sewer PipeC 822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pi
7、pe and RelatedProducts2.2 Other Standards:ASCE 15-93 Standard Practice for the Direct Design ofBuried Precast Reinforced Concrete Pipe Using StandardInstallations (SIDD)3ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Con-crete43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms relating
8、to concrete pipe, seeTerminology C 822.3.1.2 group of pipe sections, neach days production runof pipe sections of a single concrete strength for a specificproject.3.1.3 lot of pipe sections, ntotal of the number of groupsof pipe sections of a single concrete strength produced for aspecific project.3
9、.1.4 running average, naverage concrete compressivestrength of all groups of pipe sections of a single concretestrength produced for a specific project, generally determinedas each group is tested.4. Basis of Acceptance of Design4.1 Manufacturing Design DataThe manufacturer shallsubmit the following
10、 manufacturing design data for the con-crete pipe to the owner for approval.4.1.1 Pipe wall thickness.4.1.2 Concrete strength.4.1.3 Reinforcement:4.1.3.1 Specification,4.1.3.2 Reinforcement Type 1, 2, or 3, where:Type 1: Smooth wire or plain barsType 2: Welded smooth wire fabric, 8 in. maximum spaci
11、ng oflongitudinalsType 3: Welded deformed wire fabric, deformed wire, deformedbars, or any reinforcement with stirrups, anchoredthereto1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.05 on LeastCost Analysis.Cur
12、rent edition approved October 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C 141702.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards vo
13、lume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Civil Engineers, 345 E. 45th Street, NewYork, NY 100172398.4Available from American Concrete Institute, P.O. Box 19150, Detroit, MI48219.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbo
14、r Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.1.3.3 Design yield strength,4.1.3.4 Placement and design concrete cover,4.1.3.5 Cross-sectional diameters,4.1.3.6 Spacing,4.1.3.7 Cross-sectional area,4.1.3.8 Description of longitudinal members, and4.1.3.9 If stirrups are used,
15、 developable stirrup designstress, stirrup shape, placement, and anchorage details.4.1.4 Design factors and the assumed orientation angle.4.1.5 Pipe laying length and joint information.4.2 Approval of the manufacturing design data shall bebased on its conformance to the owners design requirementsand
16、 to ASCE 15-93 or to an equivalent design specification.5. Basis of Acceptance of Concrete Pipe5.1 Acceptance of pipe shall be on the basis of concretecompression tests, materials tests, conformance to the manu-facturing design data, conformance to this specification, andinspection of manufactured p
17、ipe for defects.5.2 When mutually agreed in writing by the owner and themanufacturer, a certification may be made the basis of accep-tance of the concrete pipe. This certification shall consist of astatement by the manufacturer that the concrete pipe conformsto the manufacturing design data and to t
18、his specification, andthat the concrete and materials have been sampled and testedand conform to this specification.5.3 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready foracceptance when they conform to the requirements of thisspecification.6. Material6.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete
19、shallconsist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates; admix-tures, if used; and water in which steel has been embedded insuch a manner that the steel and concrete act together.6.2 Cementitious Material:6.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specification C 1
20、50 or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement con-forming to the requirements of Specification C 595, except thatthe pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland-pozzolancement shall be fly ash and shall not exceed 25 % by weight.6.2.2 Fly Ash or PozzolanFly ash or poz
21、zolan shallconform to the requirements of Specification C 618, Class F orClass C.6.2.3 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in the concreteshall be one of the following:6.2.3.1 Portland cement only.6.2.3.2 Portland blast furnace slag cement o
22、nly.6.2.3.3 Portland pozzolan cement only.6.2.3.4 A combination of portland cement and fly ash orpozzolan, wherein the proportion of fly ash is between 5 and25 % by weight (mass) of total cementitious material (portlandcement plus fly ash).6.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to the require-ments
23、of Specification C33, except that the requirement forgradation shall not apply.6.4 AdmixturesAdmixtures and blends may be used withthe approval of the owner.6.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwire conforming to SpecificationsA82orA 496, of wire fabricconforming to Specifications A
24、185 or A 497, or of barsconforming to Specification A 615/A 615M.7. Joints7.1 The joints shall be designed and the ends of the concretepipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laidtogether to make a continuous line of pipe, compatible with thepermissible variations given in Section
25、15.8. Manufacture8.1 ConcreteThe aggregates shall be sized, graded, pro-portioned, and mixed with cementitious material and water andadmixtures, if any, to produce a concrete mixture of suchquality that the pipe will conform to the design requirements ofthis specification. The water-cementitious mat
26、erial ratio of allconcrete shall be 0.53, or less, by weight. Minimum concretestrength shall be 4000 psi.8.2 FinishPipe shall be substantially free of fractures,large or deep cracks, and surface roughness. The ends of thepipe shall be normal to walls and center line of the pipe, withinthe limits of
27、variations given in Section 15.9. Circumferential Reinforcement9.1 A line of circumferential reinforcement for any giventotal area may be composed of up to two layers for pipe withwall thicknesses of less than 7 in. or three layers for pipe withwall thickness of 7 in. or greater. The layers shall no
28、t beseparated by more than the thickness of one longitudinal plus14 in. The multiple layers shall be fastened together to form asingle cage. If the multiple layers of a cage contain circumfer-ential splices, the individual layers shall be rotated so that thesplices are staggered.All other specificat
29、ion requirements, suchas laps, welds, tolerances of placement in the wall of the pipe,and so forth, shall apply to this method of fabricating a line ofreinforcement. The design shall be based on the centroid of thelayers.9.2 Reinforcement placement and concrete cover shall con-form to the approved m
30、anufacturing data. The nominal con-crete cover over the circumferential reinforcement shall not beless than 1 in. in pipe having a wall thickness of 212 in. orgreater, and shall not be less than34 in. in pipe having a wallthickness of less than 212 in. The location of the reinforcementshall be subje
31、ct to the permissible variations in dimensionsgiven in Section 15. Requirements for placement and protec-tive covering of the concrete from the inner or outer surface ofthe pipe do not apply to that portion of a cage that is flared soas to extend into the bell or reduced in diameter so as to extendi
32、nto the spigot.9.3 Where the wall reinforcement does not extend into thejoint area, the maximum longitudinal distance to the lastcircumferential from the inside shoulder of the bell or theshoulder of the spigot shall be 3 in., except that if this distanceexceeds one half of the wall thickness, the p
33、ipe wall shallcontain at least a total reinforcement area of the minimumC1417042specified area per linear foot times the laying length of the pipesection. The minimum cover on the last circumferential nearthe spigot shoulder shall be12 in.9.4 Where reinforcement is in the bell or spigot, theminimum
34、end-cover on the last circumferential shall be12 in.in the bell or14 in. in the spigot.9.5 The continuity of the circumferential reinforcing steelshall be maintained during the manufacture of the pipe, exceptwhen, as agreed upon by the owner, lift eyes or holes areprovided in each pipe or the pipe i
35、s converted into a manholetee.10. Welds, Splices, and Development of CircumferentialReinforcement10.1 General:10.1.1 When pipe are not marked to show a specificorientation in the ground, any weld to, or splice of, a circum-ferential shall be considered to be at the point of the maximumflexural stres
36、s.10.1.2 When pipe are marked to show a specific orientationin the ground, any weld to, or splice of, a circumferential shallbe considered to be at a distance determined by the orientationangle closer to the point of maximum flexural stress than themarking indicates.10.1.3 Splices of smooth and defo
37、rmed wire shall be weldedand shall meet the requirements of 10.3 and 10.4.10.2 Notation:Awa= actual steel area of the individual circumferentialwire, in.2Awr= steel area required for the individual circumferentialwire for flexure, in.2, either at the splice, for splices,or at the point of maximum mo
38、ment, for quadrantmat reinforcement.db= diameter of reinforcing wire or bar, in.f 8c= design compressive strength of concrete, lb/in.2.fy= design yield strength of reinforcement, lb/in.2.Fw= embedded weld factor (see 10.4.3).Ld= development length of reinforcing wire or bar, in.Pt= pull test strengt
39、h of wire or bar at break, lbf.s = spacing of wire to be developed or spliced, in.10.3 Welds:10.3.1 For butt splices of circumferentials or where weldsare made to circumferentials, pull tests of representativespecimens of the circumferential across the finished weld shalldemonstrate a strength of no
40、 less than 1.1 times the designyield strength of the circumferential except as provided in 10.4.10.3.2 At the option of the manufacturer, a more detailedanalysis may be made and the requirements of this section usedinstead of 10.3.1. For butt splices of circumferentials or wherewelds are made to cir
41、cumferentials, pull tests, Pt, of represen-tative specimens of the circumferential across the finished weldshall demonstrate a strength of no less than:Pt5 1.1 Awrfy(1)or no less than:Pt5 0.5 Awafy(2)whichever is greater.10.4 Lapped Splices of Circumferential Reinforcement:10.4.1 Where lapped circum
42、ferentials are spliced by weld-ing, they shall be lapped no less than 2 in. Pull tests ofrepresentative specimens shall develop no less than 0.9 timesdesign yield strength of the circumferential.10.4.2 At the option of the manufacturer, a more detailedanalysis may be made and the requirements of 10.
43、4.2 and10.4.3 used instead of 10.4.1. Where lapped circumferentialsare spliced by welding, they shall be lapped no less than 2 in.Pull tests, Pt, of representative specimens shall develop no lessthan:Pt5 FwAwrfy(3)or not less than the strength required by Eq 2, whichever isthe greater.10.4.3 The emb
44、edded weld factor, Fw, relates the pull teststrength of the non-embedded splice specimens to the strengthof the splice embedded in the concrete of the pipe wall.10.4.3.1 If the pull test break is in the wire, Fwshall be takenas 0.90.10.4.3.2 If the pull test break is in the weld, Fwshall betaken as
45、0.70.10.4.4 If lapped splices of circumferentials consisting ofdeformed bars #6 or less are not welded, they shall be lappednot less than Ld, where:Ld5dbfyAwr33 =f 8cAwa(4)or not less than:dbfy66 =f 8c(5)whichever is greater. Splices of larger than #6 bars shallmeet the requirements of ACI 31895.10.
46、4.5 If lapped splices of circumferentials consisting ofwelded smooth wire fabric or welded deformed wire fabric arenot welded, the overlap measured between the outermostlongitudinals on each side of the splice shall be no less than thespacing of the longitudinals plus 1 in. or Ld, where:Ld5 0.27Awrf
47、ys =f 8c(6)whichever is greater.10.4.6 At the option of the manufacturer, a more detailedanalysis may be made and the following exception to therequirements of 10.4.5 may be applied. If the area of circum-ferential reinforcement is at least twice that required forflexure, the first requirement of 10
48、.4.5 shall not apply. Theoverlap measured between the outermost longitudinals on eachside of the splice shall be no less than that required by Eq 6, or1 in., whichever is greater.10.4.7 Alternative splice designs that differ from 10.4 maybe submitted to the owner for approval.10.5 Development of Qua
49、drant Mat Reinforcement:10.5.1 Circumferential quadrant mat reinforcement shallconsist of welded wire fabric with 8-in. maximum cross wirespacing. When quadrant mat reinforcement is used, the area ofthe main cage shall be no less than 25 % of the area requiredC1417043at the point of maximum moment. The quadrant mats shallextend at least 45 on each side of the point of maximummoment.10.5.2 At the option of the manufacturer, a more detailedanalysis may be made and the requirements of 10.5.3 or 10.5.4used instead of 10.5.1.10.5.3 When circumferential quadrant m
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