1、Designation: C 1417M 04METRICStandard Specification forManufacture of Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain,and Culvert Pipe for Direct Design Metric1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1417M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and accep-tance of precast concret
3、e pipe designed to conform to theowners design requirements and to the ASCE 15-93 or anequivalent design specification.NOTE 1The section on evaluation of core test results (14.3.3) and theAppendix are currently being reballoted.1.2 This specification is the SI companion to SpecificationC 1417.2. Ref
4、erenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 82 Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Concrete Re-inforcementA 185 Specification for Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Plain, forConcrete ReinforcementA 496 Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, for ConcreteReinforcementA 497 Specification for Steel Welded Wire
5、 Fabric, De-formed, for Concrete ReinforcementA 615/A 615M Specification for Deformed and PlainBillet-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementC 31 Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Speci-mens in the FieldC 33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC 39 Test Method for Compressive Strength of C
6、ylindricalConcrete SpecimensC 76 Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, StormDrain, and Sewer PipeC 150 Specification for Portland CementC 309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-pound for Curing ConcreteC 497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections,or TileC 595 Specificat
7、ion for Blended Hydraulic Cements (Met-ric)C 618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture inPortland Cement ConcreteC 655 Specification for Reinforced Concrete D-Load Cul-vert, Storm Drain, and Sewer PipeC 822 Terminology Relating to Concrete
8、Pipe and RelatedProducts2.2 Other Standards:ASCE 15-93 Standard Practice for the Direct Design ofBuried Precast Reinforced Concrete Pipe Using StandardInstallations (SIDD)3ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Con-crete43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms relatin
9、g to concrete pipe, seeTerminology C 822.3.1.2 group of pipe sectionseach days production run ofpipe sections of a single concrete strength for a specific project.3.1.3 lot of pipe sectionstotal of the number of groups ofpipe sections of a single concrete strength produced for aspecific project.3.1.
10、4 running averageaverage concrete compressivestrength of all groups of pipe sections of a single concretestrength produced for a specific project, generally determinedas each group is tested.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct respons
11、ibility of Subcommittee C13.05 on LeastCost Analysis.Current edition approved October 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C 1417M03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Servic
12、e at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Civil Engineers, 345 E. 45th Street, NewYork, NY 100172398.4Available from American Concrete Institute, P.O. Box 19150, Detro
13、it, MI48219.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Basis of Acceptance of Design4.1 Manufacturing Design DataThe manufacturer shallsubmit the following manufacturing design data for the con-crete pipe to the owner for app
14、roval.4.1.1 Pipe wall thickness.4.1.2 Concrete strength.4.1.3 Reinforcement:4.1.3.1 Specification,4.1.3.2 Reinforcement Type 1, 2, or 3, where:Type 1: Smooth wire or plain barsType 2: Welded smooth wire fabric, 200 mm maximum spacing oflongitudinalsType 3: Welded deformed wire fabric, deformed wire,
15、 deformedbars, or any reinforcement with stirrups, anchored thereto4.1.3.3 Design yield strength,4.1.3.4 Placement and design concrete cover,4.1.3.5 Cross-sectional diameters,4.1.3.6 Spacing,4.1.3.7 Cross-sectional area,4.1.3.8 Description of longitudinal members, and4.1.3.9 If stirrups are used, de
16、velopable stirrup designstress, stirrup shape, placement, and anchorage details.4.1.4 Design factors and the assumed orientation angle.4.1.5 Pipe laying length and joint information.4.2 Approval of the manufacturing design data shall bebased on its conformance to the owners design requirementsand to
17、 ASCE 15-93 or to an equivalent design specification.5. Basis of Acceptance of Concrete Pipe5.1 Acceptance of pipe shall be on the basis of concretecompression tests, materials tests, conformance to the manu-facturing design data, conformance to this specification, andinspection of manufactured pipe
18、 for defects.5.2 When mutually agreed in writing by the owner and themanufacturer, a certification may be made the basis of accep-tance of the concrete pipe. This certification shall consist of astatement by the manufacturer that the concrete pipe conformsto the manufacturing design data and to this
19、 specification, andthat the concrete and materials have been sampled and testedand conform to this specification.5.3 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready foracceptance when they conform to the requirements of thisspecification.6. Material6.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete sha
20、llconsist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates; admix-tures, if used; and water in which steel has been embedded insuch a manner that the steel and concrete act together.6.2 Cementitious Material:6.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specification C 150
21、or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement con-forming to the requirements of Specification C 595, except thatthe pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland-pozzolancement shall be fly ash and shall not exceed 25 % by weight.6.2.2 Fly Ash or PozzolanFly ash or pozzol
22、an shallconform to the requirements of Specification C 618, Class F orClass C.6.2.3 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in the concreteshall be one of the following:6.2.3.1 Portland cement only.6.2.3.2 Portland blast furnace slag cement only
23、.6.2.3.3 Portland pozzolan cement only.6.2.3.4 A combination of portland cement and fly ash orpozzolan, wherein the proportion of fly ash is between 5 and25 % by weight (mass) of total cementitious material (portlandcement plus fly ash).6.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to the require-ments of
24、Specification C 33, except that the requirement forgradation shall not apply.6.4 AdmixturesAdmixtures and blends may be used withthe approval of the owner.6.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwire conforming to Specification A 82 or A 496, of wire fabricconforming to Specification A
25、185 or A 497, or of barsconforming to Specification A 615/A 615M.7. Joints7.1 The joints shall be designed and the ends of the concretepipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laidtogether to make a continuous line of pipe, compatible with thepermissible variations given in Section
26、15.8. Manufacture8.1 ConcreteThe aggregates shall be sized, graded, pro-portioned, and mixed with cementitious material and water andadmixtures, if any, to produce a concrete mixture of suchquality that the pipe will conform to the design requirements ofthis specification. The water-cementitious mat
27、erial ratio of allconcrete shall be 0.53, or less, by weight. Minimum concretestrength shall be 27.6 MPa.8.2 FinishPipe shall be substantially free of fractures,large or deep cracks, and surface roughness. The ends of thepipe shall be normal to walls and center line of the pipe, withinthe limits of
28、variations given in Section 15.9. Circumferential Reinforcement9.1 A line of circumferential reinforcement for any giventotal area may be composed of up to two layers for pipe withwall thicknesses of less than 180 mm or three layers for pipewith wall thickness of 180 mm or greater. The layers shall
29、notbe separated by more than the thickness of one longitudinalplus 6 mm. The multiple layers shall be fastened together toform a single cage. If the multiple layers of a cage containcircumferential splices, the individual layers shall be rotated sothat the splices are staggered. All other specificat
30、ion require-ments, such as laps, welds, tolerances of placement in the wallof the pipe, and so forth, shall apply to this method offabricating a line of reinforcement. The design shall be basedon the centroid of the layers.9.2 Reinforcement placement and concrete cover shall con-form to the approved
31、 manufacturing data. The nominal con-crete cover over the circumferential reinforcement shall not beless than be 25 mm in pipe having a wall thickness of 63 mmor greater, and shall not be less than 19 mm in pipe having aC 1417M 042wall thickness of less than 63 mm. The location of thereinforcement s
32、hall be subject to the permissible variations indimensions given in Section 15. Requirements for placementand protective covering of the concrete from the inner or outersurface of the pipe do not apply to that portion of a cage thatis flared so as to extend into the bell or reduced in diameter soas
33、to extend into the spigot.9.3 Where the wall reinforcement does not extend into thejoint area, the maximum longitudinal distance to the lastcircumferential from the inside shoulder of the bell or theshoulder of the spigot shall be 75 mm, except that if thisdistance exceeds one half of the wall thick
34、ness, the pipe wallshall contain at least a total reinforcement area of the minimumspecified area per linear metre times the laying length of thepipe section. The minimum cover on the last circumferentialnear the spigot shoulder shall be 13 mm.9.4 Where reinforcement is in the bell or spigot, themin
35、imum end-cover on the last circumferential shall be 13 mmin the bell or 6 mm in the spigot.9.5 The continuity of the circumferential reinforcing steelshall be maintained during the manufacture of the pipe, exceptwhen, as agreed upon by the owner, lift eyes or holes areprovided in each pipe or the pi
36、pe is converted into a manholetee.10. Welds, Splices, and Development of CircumferentialReinforcement10.1 General:10.1.1 When pipe are not marked to show a specificorientation in the ground, any weld to, or splice of, a circum-ferential shall be considered to be at the point of the maximumflexural s
37、tress.10.1.2 When pipe are marked to show a specific orientationin the ground, any weld to, or splice of, a circumferential shallbe considered to be at a distance determined by the orientationangle closer to the point of maximum flexural stress than themarking indicates.10.1.3 Splices of smooth and
38、deformed wire shall be weldedand shall meet the requirements of 10.3 and 10.4.10.2 Notation:Awa= actual steel area of the individual circumferentialwire, mm2.Awr= steel area required for the individual circumferentialwire for flexure, mm2, either at the splice, forsplices, or at the point of maximum
39、 moment, forquadrant mat reinforcement.db= diameter of reinforcing wire or bar, mm.flc= design compressive strength of concrete, MPa.fy= design yield strength of reinforcement, MPa.Fw= embedded weld factor (see 10.4.3).Ld= development length of reinforcing wire or bar, mm.Pt= pull test strength of w
40、ire or bar at break, N.s = spacing of wire to be developed or spliced, mm.10.3 Welds:10.3.1 For butt splices of circumferentials or where weldsare made to circumferentials, pull tests of representativespecimens of the circumferential across the finished weld shalldemonstrate a strength of no less th
41、an 1.1 times the designyield strength of the circumferential except as provided in 10.4.10.3.2 At the option of the manufacturer, a more detailedanalysis may be made and the requirements of this section usedinstead of 10.3.1. For butt splices of circumferentials or wherewelds are made to circumferen
42、tials, pull tests, Pt, of represen-tative specimens of the circumferential across the finished weldshall demonstrate a strength of no less than:Pt5 1.1 Awrfy(1)or no less than:Pt5 0.5 Awafy(2)whichever is greater.10.4 Lapped Splices of Circumferential Reinforcement:10.4.1 Where lapped circumferentia
43、ls are spliced by weld-ing, they shall be lapped no less than 50 mm. Pull tests ofrepresentative specimens shall develop no less than 0.9 timesdesign yield strength of the circumferential.10.4.2 At the option of the manufacturer, a more detailedanalysis may be made and the requirements of 10.4.2 and
44、10.4.3 used instead of 10.4.1. Where lapped circumferentialsare spliced by welding, they shall be lapped no less than 50mm. Pull tests, Pt, of representative specimens shall develop noless than:Pt5 FwAwrfy(3)or not less than the strength required by Eq 2, whichever isthe greater.10.4.3 The embedded
45、weld factor, Fw, relates the pull teststrength of the non-embedded splice specimens to the strengthof the splice embedded in the concrete of the pipe wall.10.4.3.1 If the pull test break is in the wire, Fwshall be takenas 0.90.10.4.3.2 If the pull test break is in the weld, Fwshall betaken as 0.70.1
46、0.4.4 If lapped splices of circumferentials consisting ofdeformed bars #19 or less are not welded, they shall be lappednot less than Ld, where:Ld5dbfyAwr2.74 =flcAwa(4)or not less than:db5fy5.48 = flc(5)whichever is greater. Splices of larger than #19 bars shallmeet the requirements of ACI 31895.10.
47、4.5 If lapped splices of circumferentials consisting ofwelded smooth wire fabric or welded deformed wire fabric arenot welded, the overlap measured between the outermostlongitudinals on each side of the splice shall be no less than thespacing of the longitudinals plus 25 mm, or Ld, where:Ld5 3.25Awr
48、fys =flc(6)whichever is greater.10.4.6 At the option of the manufacturer, a more detailedanalysis may be made and the following exception to theC 1417M 043requirements of 10.4.5 may be applied. If the area of circum-ferential reinforcement is at least twice that required forflexure, the first requir
49、ement of 10.4.5 shall not apply. Theoverlap measured between the outermost longitudinals on eachside of the splice shall be no less than that required by Eq 6, or25 mm, whichever is greater.10.4.7 Alternative splice designs that differ from 10.4 maybe submitted to the owner for approval.10.5 Development of Quadrant Mat Reinforcement:10.5.1 Circumferential quadrant mat reinforcement shallconsist of welded wire fabric with 200-mm maximum crosswire spacing. When quadrant mat reinforcement is used, thearea of the main cage shall be no less than 25 % of the arearequ
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