1、Designation: C1433M 13aStandard Specification forPrecast Reinforced Concrete Monolithic Box Sections forCulverts, Storm Drains, and Sewers (Metric)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1433M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers single-cell precast reinforcedconcrete box sections cas
3、t monolithically and intended to beused for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance ofstorm water industrial wastes and sewage.1.2 This specification is the SI companion to SpecificationC1433.NOTE 1This specification is primarily a manufacturing and purchas-ing specification. However, st
4、andard designs are included and the criteriaused to develop these designs are given in Appendix X1. The successfulperformance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the boxsection, bedding, backfill, and care that the installation conforms to theconstruction specifications. The purchas
5、er of the precast reinforcedconcrete box sections specified herein is cautioned that he must properlycorrelate the loading conditions and the field requirements with the boxsection specified and provide for inspection at the construction site.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A82/A82M Speci
6、fication for Steel Wire, Plain, for ConcreteReinforcementA185/A185M Specification for Steel Welded WireReinforcement, Plain, for ConcreteA496/A496M Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, forConcrete ReinforcementA497/A497M Specification for Steel Welded WireReinforcement, Deformed, for ConcreteA615
7、/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementC31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin-drical Concrete SpecimensC150 Specificati
8、on for Portland CementC309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-pounds for Curing ConcreteC497M Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections,or Tile (Metric)C595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in
9、 ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete andMortarsC990 Specification for Joints for Concrete Pipe, Manholes,and Precast Box Sections Using Preformed Flexible JointSealantsC1619 Specification for Elastomeric Seals f
10、or Joining Con-crete StructuresC1677 Specification for Joints for Concrete Box, UsingRubber Gaskets2.2 AASHTO Standards:3Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to concretepipe, see Terminology C822.4. Types4.1 Precast reinforced conc
11、rete box sections manufacturedin accordance with this specification shall be one of two typesidentified in Tables 1 and 2, and shall be designated by type,span, rise, and design earth cover.5. Basis of Acceptance5.1 Acceptability of the box sections produced in accor-dance with Section 7 shall be de
12、termined by the results of theconcrete compressive strength tests described in Section 10,bythe material requirements described in Section 6, and byinspection of the finished box sections.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipeand is the direct responsibil
13、ity of Subcommittee C13.07 on Accep-tance Specifications and Precast Concrete Box Sections.Current edition approved April 1, 2013. Published April 2013. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C1433M 13. DOI:10.1520/C1433M-13A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the A
14、STM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capit
15、ol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.2 Box sections shall be considered ready for acceptancewhen they conform to the requirements of this specification.6. Material6.1 Reinforced
16、 ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shallconsist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates andwater, in which steel has been embedded in such a manner thatthe steel and concrete act together.6.2 Cementitious Materials:6.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specif
17、ication C150 or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement con-forming to the requirements of Specification C595, except thatthe pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland pozzolancement shall be fly ash.6.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements ofSpecifica
18、tion C618, Class F or Class C.6.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120of Specification C989.6.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in concreteshall be one of the followi
19、ng:6.2.4.1 Portland cement only,6.2.4.2 Portland blast furnace slag cement only,6.2.4.3 Slag modified portland cement only,6.2.4.4 Portland pozzolan cement only,6.2.4.5 A combination of portland cement and fly ash.6.2.4.6 A combination of portland cement and groundgranulated blast-furnace slag,6.2.4
20、.7 A combination of portland cement, ground granu-lated blast-furnace slag (not to exceed 25 % of the totalcementitious weight), and fly ash (not to exceed 25 % of thetotal cementitious weight).6.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to SpecificationC33, except that the requirements for gradation sha
21、ll not apply.6.4 Admixtures and BlendsAdmixtures and blends shallbe allowed to be used with the approval of the purchaser.6.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwelded wire reinforcement conforming to Specifications A185/A185M or A497/A497M. Circumferential reinforcement areasin Tables
22、 1 and 2 are based solely on the use of welded wirereinforcement, refer to 11.6 if alternate steel designs utilizingsteel bars, Grade 60, in conjunction with or in lieu of weldedwire reinforcement are to be submitted for the ownersapproval. Longitudinal distribution reinforcement shall beallowed to
23、consist of welded wire reinforcement or deformedbillet-steel bars conforming to Specification A615/A615M,Grade 60.7. Design7.1 Design TablesThe box section dimensions, compres-sive strength of the concrete, and reinforcement details shall beas prescribed in Table 1 or Table 2 and Figs. 1-4, subject
24、to theprovisions of Section 11. Table 1 sections are designed forcombined earth dead load and AASHTO HS20 live loadconditions. Table 2 sections are designed for combined earthdead load and interstate live load conditions when the interstatelive loading exceeds the HS20 live loading. Criteria used to
25、develop Tables 1 and 2 are given in Appendix X1.NOTE 2The tabular designs in this specification were preparedaccording to AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges,1997 Edition.7.2 Modified and Special Designs for MonolithicStructuresThe manufacturer shall request approval by thepurchaser o
26、f modified designs which differ from the designs inSection 7.1, or special designs for sizes and loads other thanthose shown in Tables 1 and 2. When spans are required thatexceed those prescribed in Table 1 or Table 2, the design shallbe based on the criteria given in Appendix X1. In addition, thesp
27、an shall be designed to have adequate stiffness to limitdeflection as given in Section 8.9 of AASHTO StandardSpecification for Highway Bridges (latest edition).NOTE 3Construction procedures, such as heavy equipment movementor stockpiling of material over or adjacent to a box structure, can inducehig
28、her loads than those used for the structures final design. Theseconstruction and surcharge loads are approved as long as the final steelareas in the box are larger than those the box will experience in the finalFIG. 1 Typical Box SectionsC1433M 13a2installation condition. The design engineer should
29、take into considerationthe potential for higher loads induced by construction procedures indetermining the final design of the box structure.7.3 Placement of ReinforcementThe cover of concreteover the circumferential reinforcement shall be 25 mm, subjectto the provisions of Section 11. The inside ci
30、rcumferentialreinforcement shall extend into the tongue portion of the jointand the outside circumferential reinforcement shall extend intothe groove portion of the joint. The clear distance of the endcircumferential wires shall be not less than 13 mm nor morethan 50 mm from the ends of the box sect
31、ion. Reinforcementshall be assembled utilizing any combination of single ormultiple layers of welded-wire reinforcement. Multiple layersshall not be separated by more than the thickness of onelongitudinal wire plus 6 mm. The multiple layers shall befastened together to form a single cage. All other
32、specificationrequirements such as laps, welds, and tolerances of placementin the wall of the box section shall apply to this method offabricating a reinforcement cage. A common reinforcementunit may be utilized for both As2(or As3) and As4, and also forboth As7(or As8) and As1, with the largest area
33、 requirementgoverning, bending the reinforcement at the corners andwaiving the extension requirements of Fig. 3 (see Fig. 5).When a single cage of multiple circumferential steel areas isused for As2(or As3) and As4reinforcement, the slab or wallrequiring the larger steel area shall have this additio
34、nalcircumferential steel extending for the full length of the slab orwall. The welded-wire reinforcement shall be composed ofcircumferential and longitudinal wires meeting the spacingrequirements of 7.4 and shall contain sufficient longitudinalwires extending through the box section to maintain the
35、shapeand position of reinforcement. Longitudinal distribution rein-forcement may be welded-wire reinforcement or deformedbillet-steel bars and shall meet the spacing requirements of 7.4.The ends of the longitudinal distribution reinforcement shallFIG. 2 Section A-A Top and Bottom Slab Joint Reinforc
36、ementFIG. 3 Detail Inner ReinforcementFIG. 4 Detail Option (see Fig. 3)FIG. 5 Detailed Reinforcement ArrangementC1433M 13a3not be more than 2 in. from the ends of the box section. Theexposure of the ends of longitudinals, stirrups, and spacersused to position the reinforcement shall not be a cause f
37、orrejection.7.4 Laps, Welds, and SpacingSplices in the circumferen-tial reinforcement shall be made by lapping. The overlapmeasured between the outermost longitudinal wires of eachreinforcement sheet shall not be less than the spacing of thelongitudinal wires plus 50 mm but not less than 250 mm. IfA
38、s1is extended to the middle of either slab and connected, weldedsplices are not prohibited in the connection. When used, As7andAs8shall be lapped withAs1as shown in Figs. 5 and 6 (seealso Fig. 7 and Fig. 8). If welds are made to circumferentialreinforcement, they shall be made only to selected circu
39、mfer-ential wires that are not less than 450 mm apart along thelongitudinal axis of the box section. Also, when spacers arewelded to circumferential wires, they shall be welded only tothese selected circumferential wires. There shall be no weldingto other circumferential wires, except it is not proh
40、ibited forAs4to be lapped and welded at any location or connected bywelding at the corners to As2and As3. No welds shall be madeto As2or As3circumferential wires in the middle third of thespan (see Fig. 9 for welding restrictions). When distributionreinforcement is to be fastened to a cage by weldin
41、g, it shall bewelded only to longitudinal wires and only near the ends of thebox section. The spacing center to center of the circumferentialwires shall not be less than 50 mm nor more than 100 mm. Thespacing center to center of the longitudinal wires shall not bemore than 200 mm.8. Joints8.1 The pr
42、ecast reinforced concrete box sections shall beproduced with tongue and groove ends. The ends shall be ofsuch design and the ends of the box sections so formed that thesections can be laid together to make a continuous line of boxsections compatible with the permissible variations given inSection 11
43、.8.2 Joints shall conform to the requirements of eitherSpecification C990 or Specification C1677. For joints con-forming to Specification C1677, the elastomeric (gasket) ma-terial shall conform to Specification C1619 Class C require-ments. Gaskets which require oil resistant properties shall meetCla
44、ss D requirements.8.3 Outer cage circumferential reinforcement as shown inFigs. 1 and 2 shall be placed in the top and bottom slabs at thegroove portion of the joint whenAs1is not continuous over thespan. The minimum area of such reinforcement in squaremillimeters per linear meter of box section len
45、gth shall be thesame as the areas specified for As4in Tables 1 and 2.FIG. 6 Detail OptionFIG. 7 Alternate DetailFIG. 8 Alternate DetailFIG. 9 Critical Zones of High Stress Where Welding is RestrictedC1433M 13a49. Manufacture9.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded,proportioned, and mixed wit
46、h such proportions of cementitiousmaterials and water as will produce a thoroughly-mixedconcrete of such quality that the pipe will conform to the testand design requirements of this specification.All concrete shallhave a water-cementitious materials ratio not exceeding 0.53by weight. Cementitious m
47、aterials shall be as specified in 6.2and shall be added to the mix in a proportion not less than 280kg/m3unless mix designs with a lower cementitious materialscontent demonstrate that the quality and performance of thepipe meet the requirements of this specification.9.2 CuringThe box sections shall
48、be cured for a sufficientlength of time so that the concrete will develop the specifiedcompressive strength in 28 days or less. Any one of thefollowing methods of curing or combinations thereof shall beallowed to be used:9.2.1 Steam CuringThe box sections shall be allowed tobe low pressure, steam-cu
49、red by a system that will maintain amoist atmosphere.9.2.2 Water CuringThe box sections shall be allowed tobe water-cured by any method that will keep the sections moist.9.2.3 Membrane CuringA sealing membrane conformingto the requirements of Specification C309 may be applied andshall be left intact until the required concrete compressivestrength is attained. The concrete temperature at the time ofapplication shall be within 6C of the atmospheric temperature.All surfaces shall be kept moist prior to the application of thecompounds and shall be damp when t
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