1、Designation: C1433M 14Standard Specification forPrecast Reinforced Concrete Monolithic Box Sections forCulverts, Storm Drains, and Sewers (Metric)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1433M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, i
2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers single-cell precast reinforcedconcrete box sections cast
3、 monolithically and intended to beused for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance ofstorm water industrial wastes and sewage.1.2 This specification is the SI companion to SpecificationC1433.NOTE 1This specification is primarily a manufacturing and purchas-ing specification. However, sta
4、ndard designs are included and the criteriaused to develop these designs are given in Appendix X1. The successfulperformance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the boxsection, bedding, backfill, and care that the installation conforms to theconstruction specifications. The purchase
5、r of the precast reinforcedconcrete box sections specified herein is cautioned that he must properlycorrelate the loading conditions and the field requirements with the boxsection specified and provide for inspection at the construction site.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A1064/A1064M Sp
6、ecification for Carbon-Steel Wire andWelded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, forConcreteA615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementC31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC33 Specification for Concrete Aggrega
7、tesC39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin-drical Concrete SpecimensC150 Specification for Portland CementC309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-pounds for Curing ConcreteC497M Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections,or Tile (Metric)C595 Specification for Blended
8、Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete andMortarsC990 Specification for Joints for Concrete Pipe, Manholes,and Pre
9、cast Box Sections Using Preformed Flexible JointSealantsC1602/C1602M Specification for Mixing Water Used in theProduction of Hydraulic Cement ConcreteC1619 Specification for Elastomeric Seals for Joining Con-crete StructuresC1677 Specification for Joints for Concrete Box, UsingRubber Gaskets2.2 AASH
10、TO Standards:3Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to concretepipe, see Terminology C822.4. Types4.1 Precast reinforced concrete box sections manufacturedin accordance with this specification shall be one of two typesidentified in
11、Tables 1 and 2, and shall be designated by type,span, rise, and design earth cover.5. Basis of Acceptance5.1 Acceptability of the box sections produced in accor-dance with Section 7 shall be determined by the results of theconcrete compressive strength tests described in Section 10,bythe material re
12、quirements described in Section 6, and byinspection of the finished box sections.5.2 Box sections shall be considered ready for acceptancewhen they conform to the requirements of this specification.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipeand is the direct r
13、esponsibility of Subcommittee C13.07 on Accep-tance Specifications and Precast Concrete Box Sections.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2014. Published March 2014. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C1433M 13b. DOI:10.1520/C1433M-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, vi
14、sit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444
15、 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16. Material6.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shallconsist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates andwater, in whi
16、ch steel has been embedded in such a manner thatthe steel and concrete act together.6.2 Cementitious Materials:6.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specification C150 or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement con-forming to the re
17、quirements of Specification C595, except thatthe pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland pozzolancement shall be fly ash.6.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements ofSpecification C618, Class F or Class C.6.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform to the r
18、equirements of Grade 100 or 120of Specification C989.6.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in concreteshall be one of the following:6.2.4.1 Portland cement only,6.2.4.2 Portland blast furnace slag cement only,6.2.4.3 Slag modified portla
19、nd cement only,6.2.4.4 Portland pozzolan cement only,6.2.4.5 A combination of portland cement and fly ash.6.2.4.6 A combination of portland cement and groundgranulated blast-furnace slag,6.2.4.7 A combination of portland cement, ground granu-lated blast-furnace slag (not to exceed 25 % of the totalc
20、ementitious weight), and fly ash (not to exceed 25 % of thetotal cementitious weight).6.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to SpecificationC33, except that the requirements for gradation shall not apply.6.4 Admixtures and BlendsAdmixtures and blends shallbe allowed to be used with the approval of
21、the purchaser.6.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwelded wire reinforcement conforming to SpecificationA1064/A1064M. Circumferential reinforcement areas inTables 1 and 2 are based solely on the use of welded wirereinforcement, refer to 11.6 if alternate steel designs utilizingsteel
22、bars, Grade 60, in conjunction with or in lieu of weldedwire reinforcement are to be submitted for the ownersapproval. Longitudinal distribution reinforcement shall beallowed to consist of welded wire reinforcement or deformedbillet-steel bars conforming to Specification A615/A615M,Grade 60.6.6 Wate
23、rWater used in the production of concrete shallbe potable or non-potable water that meets the requirements ofSpecification C1602/C1602M.7. Design7.1 Design TablesThe box section dimensions, compres-sive strength of the concrete, and reinforcement details shall beas prescribed in Table 1 or Table 2 a
24、nd Figs. 1-4, subject to theprovisions of Section 11. Table 1 sections are designed forcombined earth dead load and AASHTO HS20 live loadconditions. Table 2 sections are designed for combined earthdead load and interstate live load conditions when the interstatelive loading exceeds the HS20 live loa
25、ding. Criteria used todevelop Tables 1 and 2 are given in Appendix X1.NOTE 2The tabular designs in this specification were preparedaccording to AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges,1997 Edition.7.2 Modified and Special Designs for MonolithicStructuresThe manufacturer shall request appr
26、oval by thepurchaser of modified designs which differ from the designs inSection 7.1, or special designs for sizes and loads other thanthose shown in Tables 1 and 2. When spans are required thatexceed those prescribed in Table 1 or Table 2, the design shallbe based on the criteria given in Appendix
27、X1. In addition, thespan shall be designed to have adequate stiffness to limitdeflection as given in Section 8.9 of AASHTO StandardSpecification for Highway Bridges (latest edition).NOTE 3Construction procedures, such as heavy equipment movementor stockpiling of material over or adjacent to a box st
28、ructure, can inducehigher loads than those used for the structures final design. TheseFIG. 1 Typical Box SectionsC1433M 142construction and surcharge loads are approved as long as the final steelareas in the box are larger than those the box will experience in the finalinstallation condition. The de
29、sign engineer should take into considerationthe potential for higher loads induced by construction procedures indetermining the final design of the box structure.7.3 Placement of ReinforcementThe cover of concreteover the circumferential reinforcement shall be 25 mm, subjectto the provisions of Sect
30、ion 11. The inside circumferentialreinforcement shall extend into the tongue portion of the jointand the outside circumferential reinforcement shall extend intothe groove portion of the joint. The clear distance of the endcircumferential wires shall be not less than 13 mm nor morethan 50 mm from the
31、 ends of the box section. Reinforcementshall be assembled utilizing any combination of single ormultiple layers of welded-wire reinforcement. Multiple layersshall not be separated by more than the thickness of onelongitudinal wire plus 6 mm. The multiple layers shall befastened together to form a si
32、ngle cage. All other specificationrequirements such as laps, welds, and tolerances of placementin the wall of the box section shall apply to this method offabricating a reinforcement cage. A common reinforcementunit may be utilized for both As2(or As3) and As4, and also forboth As7(or As8) and As1,
33、with the largest area requirementgoverning, bending the reinforcement at the corners andwaiving the extension requirements of Fig. 3 (see Fig. 5).When a single cage of multiple circumferential steel areas isused for As2(or As3) and As4reinforcement, the slab or wallrequiring the larger steel area sh
34、all have this additionalcircumferential steel extending for the full length of the slab orwall. The welded-wire reinforcement shall be composed ofcircumferential and longitudinal wires meeting the spacingrequirements of 7.4 and shall contain sufficient longitudinalwires extending through the box sec
35、tion to maintain the shapeand position of reinforcement. Longitudinal distribution rein-forcement may be welded-wire reinforcement or deformedFIG. 2 Section A-A Top and Bottom Slab Joint ReinforcementFIG. 3 Detail Inner ReinforcementFIG. 4 Detail Option (see Fig. 3)FIG. 5 Detailed Reinforcement Arra
36、ngementC1433M 143billet-steel bars and shall meet the spacing requirements of 7.4.The ends of the longitudinal distribution reinforcement shallnot be more than 2 in. from the ends of the box section. Theexposure of the ends of longitudinals, stirrups, and spacersused to position the reinforcement sh
37、all not be a cause forrejection.7.4 Laps, Welds, and SpacingSplices in the circumferen-tial reinforcement shall be made by lapping. The overlapmeasured between the outermost longitudinal wires of eachreinforcement sheet shall not be less than the spacing of thelongitudinal wires plus 50 mm but not l
38、ess than 250 mm. IfAs1is extended to the middle of either slab and connected, weldedsplices are not prohibited in the connection. When used, As7andAs8shall be lapped withAs1as shown in Figs. 5 and 6 (seealso Fig. 7 and Fig. 8). If welds are made to circumferentialreinforcement, they shall be made on
39、ly to selected circumfer-ential wires that are not less than 450 mm apart along thelongitudinal axis of the box section. Also, when spacers arewelded to circumferential wires, they shall be welded only tothese selected circumferential wires. There shall be no weldingto other circumferential wires, e
40、xcept it is not prohibited forAs4to be lapped and welded at any location or connected bywelding at the corners to As2and As3. No welds shall be madeto As2or As3circumferential wires in the middle third of thespan (see Fig. 9 for welding restrictions). When distributionreinforcement is to be fastened
41、 to a cage by welding, it shall bewelded only to longitudinal wires and only near the ends of thebox section. The spacing center to center of the circumferentialwires shall not be less than 50 mm nor more than 100 mm. Thespacing center to center of the longitudinal wires shall not bemore than 200 mm
42、.8. Joints8.1 The precast reinforced concrete box sections shall beproduced with tongue and groove ends. The ends shall be ofsuch design and the ends of the box sections so formed that thesections can be laid together to make a continuous line of boxsections compatible with the permissible variation
43、s given inSection 11.8.2 Joints shall conform to the requirements of eitherSpecification C990 or Specification C1677. For joints con-forming to Specification C1677, the elastomeric (gasket) ma-terial shall conform to Specification C1619 Class C require-ments. Gaskets which require oil resistant prop
44、erties shall meetClass D requirements.8.3 Outer cage circumferential reinforcement as shown inFigs. 1 and 2 shall be placed in the top and bottom slabs at thegroove portion of the joint whenAs1is not continuous over thespan. The minimum area of such reinforcement in squareFIG. 6 Detail OptionFIG. 7
45、Alternate DetailFIG. 8 Alternate DetailFIG. 9 Critical Zones of High Stress Where Welding is RestrictedC1433M 144millimeters per linear meter of box section length shall be thesame as the areas specified for As4in Tables 1 and 2.9. Manufacture9.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded,proporti
46、oned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitiousmaterials and water as will produce a thoroughly-mixedconcrete of such quality that the pipe will conform to the testand design requirements of this specification.All concrete shallhave a water-cementitious materials ratio not exceeding 0.53by wei
47、ght. Cementitious materials shall be as specified in 6.2and shall be added to the mix in a proportion not less than 280kg/m3unless mix designs with a lower cementitious materialscontent demonstrate that the quality and performance of thepipe meet the requirements of this specification.9.2 CuringThe
48、box sections shall be cured for a sufficientlength of time so that the concrete will develop the specifiedcompressive strength in 28 days or less. Any one of thefollowing methods of curing or combinations thereof shall beallowed to be used:9.2.1 Steam CuringThe box sections shall be allowed tobe low
49、 pressure, steam-cured by a system that will maintain amoist atmosphere.9.2.2 Water CuringThe box sections shall be allowed tobe water-cured by any method that will keep the sections moist.9.2.3 Membrane CuringA sealing membrane conformingto the requirements of Specification C309 may be applied andshall be left intact until the required concrete compressivestrength is attained. The concrete temperature at the time ofapplication shall be within 6C of the atmospheric temperature.All surfaces shall be kept moist prior to the application of thecompounds and
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