1、Designation: C1433M 16aStandard Specification forPrecast Reinforced Concrete Monolithic Box Sections forCulverts, Storm Drains, and Sewers (Metric)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1433M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers single-cell precast reinforcedconcrete box sections cas
3、t monolithically and intended to beused for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance ofstorm water industrial wastes and sewage.1.2 This specification is the SI companion to SpecificationC1433.NOTE 1This specification is primarily a manufacturing and purchas-ing specification. However, st
4、andard designs are included and the criteriaused to develop these designs are given in Appendix X1. The successfulperformance of this product depends upon the proper selection of the boxsection, bedding, backfill, and care that the installation conforms to theconstruction specifications. The purchas
5、er of the precast reinforcedconcrete box sections specified herein is cautioned that he must properlycorrelate the loading conditions and the field requirements with the boxsection specified and provide for inspection at the construction site.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A615/A615M Spe
6、cification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA1064/A1064M Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire andWelded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, forConcreteA706/A706M Specification for Deformed and Plain Low-Alloy Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementC31/C31M Practice
7、 for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC33/C33M Specification for Concrete AggregatesC39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin-drical Concrete SpecimensC150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC260/C260M Specification for Air-Entraining Admixturesfor ConcreteC309 S
8、pecification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-pounds for Curing ConcreteC494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forConcreteC497M Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections,or Tile (Metric)C595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw
9、or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC989/C989M Specification for Slag Cement for Use inConcrete and MortarsC990 Specification for Joints for Concrete Pipe, Manholes,and Precast Box Sections Using Preformed Flexible JointSealant
10、sC1017/C1017M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forUse in Producing Flowing ConcreteC1116/C1116M Specification for Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteC1602/C1602M Specification for Mixing Water Used in theProduction of Hydraulic Cement ConcreteC1619 Specification for Elastomeric Seals for Joining Con-cret
11、e StructuresC1677 Specification for Joints for Concrete Box, UsingRubber Gaskets2.2 AASHTO Standards:3Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to concretepipe, see Terminology C822.4. Types4.1 Precast reinforced concrete box sections m
12、anufacturedin accordance with this specification shall be one of two typesidentified in Tables 1 and 2, and shall be designated by type,span, rise, and design earth cover.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipeand is the direct responsibility of Subcommitt
13、ee C13.07 on Accep-tance Specifications and Precast Concrete Box Sections.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2016. Published February 2016. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as C1433M 16. DOI:10.1520/C1433M-16A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, ww
14、w.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Sui
15、te 249, Washington, DC 20001.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Basis of Acceptance5.1 Acceptability of the box sections produced in accor-dance with Section 7 shall be determined by the results of theconcrete compress
16、ive strength tests described in Section 10,bythe material requirements described in Section 6, and byinspection of the finished box sections.5.2 Box sections shall be considered ready for acceptancewhen they conform to the requirements of this specification.6. Material6.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe rein
17、forced concrete shallconsist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates, admix-tures if used, and water in which steel has been embedded insuch a manner that the steel and concrete act together.6.2 Cementitious Materials:6.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of S
18、pecification C150/C150M or shall beportland blast-furnace slag cement, portland-limestone cement,or portland-pozzolan cement conforming to the requirementsof Specification C595/C595M, except that the pozzolan con-stituent in the Type IP portland pozzolan cement shall be flyash.6.2.2 Fly AshFly ash s
19、hall conform to the requirements ofSpecification C618, Class F or Class C.6.2.3 Slag CementSlag cement shall conform to the re-quirements of Grade 100 or 120 of Specification C989/C989M.6.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in the concre
20、teshall be one of the following:6.2.4.1 Portland cement only,6.2.4.2 Portland blast-furnace slag cement only,6.2.4.3 Portland-pozzolan cement only,6.2.4.4 Portland-limestone cement only,6.2.4.5 A combination of portland cement or portland-limestone cement and fly ash,6.2.4.6 A combination of portlan
21、d cement or portland-limestone cement, and slag cement,6.2.4.7 A combination of portland cement or portland-limestone, slag cement, and fly ash, or6.2.4.8 A combination of portland-pozzolan cement and flyash.6.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to SpecificationC33/C33M, except that the requirement
22、s for gradation shall notapply.6.4 AdmixturesThe following admixtures and blends areallowable:6.4.1 Air-entraining admixture conforming to SpecificationC260/C260M;6.4.2 Chemical admixture conforming to SpecificationC494/C494M;6.4.3 Chemical admixture for use in producing flowingconcrete conforming t
23、o Specification C1017/C1017M; and6.4.4 Chemical admixture or blend approved by the owner.6.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwelded wire reinforcement conforming to SpecificationA1064/A1064M. Circumferential reinforcement areas inTables 1 and 2 are based solely on the use of welded
24、wirereinforcement, refer to 11.6 if alternate steel designs utilizingsteel bars, Grade 420, in conjunction with or in lieu of weldedwire reinforcement are to be submitted for the ownersapproval. Longitudinal distribution reinforcement shall beallowed to consist of welded wire reinforcement or deform
25、edbillet-steel bars conforming to either Specification A615/A615M, Grade 420, or Specification A706/A706M, Grade 420.6.6 FibersSynthetic fibers and nonsynthetic fibers shall beallowed to be used, at the manufacturers option, in concretepipe as a nonstructural manufacturing material. Synthetic fibers
26、(Type II and Type III) and nonsynthetic fiber (Type 1) designedand manufactured specifically for use in concrete and conform-ing to the requirements of Specification C1116/C1116M shallbe accepted.6.7 WaterWater used in the production of concrete shallbe potable or non-potable water that meets the re
27、quirements ofSpecification C1602/C1602M.7. Design7.1 Design TablesThe box section dimensions, compres-sive strength of the concrete, and reinforcement details shall beas prescribed in Table 1 or Table 2 and Figs. 1-4, subject to theprovisions of Section 11. Table 1 sections are designed forcombined
28、earth dead load and AASHTO HS20 live loadconditions. Table 2 sections are designed for combined earthdead load and interstate live load conditions when the interstatelive loading exceeds the HS20 live loading. Criteria used todevelop Tables 1 and 2 are given in Appendix X1.NOTE 2The tabular designs
29、in this specification were preparedaccording to AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges,1997 Edition.7.2 Modified and Special Designs for MonolithicStructuresThe manufacturer shall request approval by thepurchaser of modified designs which differ from the designs inSection 7.1, or special
30、 designs for sizes and loads other thanthose shown in Tables 1 and 2. When spans are required thatexceed those prescribed in Table 1 or Table 2, the design shallbe based on the criteria given in Appendix X1. In addition, thespan shall be designed to have adequate stiffness to limitdeflection as give
31、n in Section 8.9 of AASHTO StandardSpecification for Highway Bridges (latest edition).NOTE 3Construction procedures, such as heavy equipment movementor stockpiling of material over or adjacent to a box structure, can inducehigher loads than those used for the structures final design. Theseconstructi
32、on and surcharge loads are approved as long as the final steelareas in the box are larger than those the box will experience in the finalinstallation condition. The design engineer should take into considerationthe potential for higher loads induced by construction procedures indetermining the final
33、 design of the box structure.7.3 Placement of ReinforcementThe cover of concreteover the circumferential reinforcement shall be 25 mm, subjectto the provisions of Section 11. The inside circumferentialreinforcement shall extend into the tongue portion of the jointand the outside circumferential rein
34、forcement shall extend intothe groove portion of the joint. The clear distance of the endcircumferential wires shall be not less than 13 mm nor morethan 50 mm from the ends of the box section. Reinforcementshall be assembled utilizing any combination of single orC1433M 16a2multiple layers of welded-
35、wire reinforcement. Multiple layersshall not be separated by more than the thickness of onelongitudinal wire plus 6 mm. The multiple layers shall befastened together to form a single cage. All other specificationrequirements such as laps, welds, and tolerances of placementin the wall of the box sect
36、ion shall apply to this method offabricating a reinforcement cage. A common reinforcementunit may be utilized for both As2(or As3) and As4, and also forboth As7(or As8) and As1, with the largest area requirementgoverning, bending the reinforcement at the corners andwaiving the extension requirements
37、 of Fig. 3 (see Fig. 5).When a single cage of multiple circumferential steel areas isused for As2(or As3) and As4reinforcement, the slab or wallrequiring the larger steel area shall have this additionalcircumferential steel extending for the full length of the slab orwall. The welded-wire reinforcem
38、ent shall be composed ofcircumferential and longitudinal wires meeting the spacingFIG. 1 Typical Box SectionsFIG. 2 Section A-A Top and Bottom Slab Joint ReinforcementFIG. 3 Detail Inner ReinforcementFIG. 4 Detail Option (see Fig. 3)C1433M 16a3requirements of 7.4 and shall contain sufficient longitu
39、dinalwires extending through the box section to maintain the shapeand position of reinforcement. Longitudinal distribution rein-forcement may be welded-wire reinforcement or deformedbillet-steel bars and shall meet the spacing requirements of 7.4.The ends of the longitudinal distribution reinforceme
40、nt shallnot be more than 2 in. from the ends of the box section. Theexposure of the ends of longitudinals, stirrups, and spacersused to position the reinforcement shall not be a cause forrejection.7.4 Laps, Welds, and SpacingSplices in the circumferen-tial reinforcement shall be made by lapping. The
41、 overlapmeasured between the outermost longitudinal wires of eachreinforcement sheet shall not be less than the spacing of thelongitudinal wires plus 50 mm but not less than 250 mm. IfAs1is extended to the middle of either slab and connected, weldedsplices are not prohibited in the connection. When
42、used, As7andAs8shall be lapped withAs1as shown in Figs. 5 and 6 (seealso Fig. 7 and Fig. 8). If welds are made to circumferentialreinforcement, they shall be made only to selected circumfer-ential wires that are not less than 450 mm apart along thelongitudinal axis of the box section. Also, when spa
43、cers arewelded to circumferential wires, they shall be welded only tothese selected circumferential wires. There shall be no weldingto other circumferential wires, except it is not prohibited forAs4to be lapped and welded at any location or connected bywelding at the corners to As2and As3. No welds
44、shall be madeto As2or As3circumferential wires in the middle third of thespan (see Fig. 9 for welding restrictions). When distributionreinforcement is to be fastened to a cage by welding, it shall bewelded only to longitudinal wires and only near the ends of thebox section. If welds are made to Grad
45、e 420 reinforcing bars,weldable bars conforming to Specification A706/A706M shallFIG. 5 Detailed Reinforcement ArrangementFIG. 6 Detail OptionFIG. 7 Alternate DetailFIG. 8 Alternate DetailFIG. 9 Critical Zones of High Stress Where Welding is RestrictedC1433M 16a4be used. The spacing center to center
46、 of the circumferentialwires shall not be less than 50 mm nor more than 100 mm. Thespacing center to center of the longitudinal wires shall not bemore than 200 mm.8. Joints8.1 The precast reinforced concrete box sections shall beproduced with tongue and groove ends. The ends shall be ofsuch design a
47、nd the ends of the box sections so formed that thesections can be laid together to make a continuous line of boxsections compatible with the permissible variations given inSection 11.8.2 Joints may conform to the requirements of SpecificationC990, Specification C1677, or other established joint type
48、 asapproved by the owner including, but not limited to, mortar,sealant, or fabric-wrapped joints. For joints conforming toSpecification C1677, the gasket shall be in accordance withSpecification C1619, Class C requirements or for oil-resistantproperties, the gasket shall meet Class D requirements.8.
49、3 Outer cage circumferential reinforcement as shown inFigs. 1 and 2 shall be placed in the top and bottom slabs at thegroove portion of the joint whenAs1is not continuous over thespan. The minimum area of such reinforcement in squaremillimeters per linear meter of box section length shall be thesame as the areas specified for As4in Tables 1 and 2.9. Manufacture9.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded,proportioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitiousmaterials and water as will produce a thoroughly-mixedconcrete of such quality that the pi
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