1、Designation: C 1449/C 1449M 05aStandard Specification forNon-Asbestos Fiber-Cement Nonpressure Sewer Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1449/C 1449M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers requirements relating to non-asbestos fiber-cement non-pressure sewer pipe, joints, andf
3、ittings suitable for use with gravity flow, intended for sewer-age and drainage applications from point of use to point oftreatment or disposal. It defines certain conditions of manufac-ture, classification, characteristics, and acceptance tests appli-cable to these products.1.2 The values stated in
4、 either inch-pound units or SI unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, theSI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in eachsystem are not exact equivalents; therefore each system shallbe used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result
5、 in nonconformance with the specifi-cation.NOTE 1Rubber rings suitable for use with this pipe are covered inSpecification D 1869.NOTE 2This specification is issued for product standardization andpurchasing purposes only, and does not include requirements for instal-lation or the relationships betwee
6、n operating conditions and the strengthcharacteristics of the various classifications of pipe. The purchaser iscautioned that he must correlate installation and operating conditions withthe specified characteristics of the pipe.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,
7、 if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 150 Specification for Portland CementC 497
8、 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections,or TileC 500 Test Methods for Asbestos-Cement PipeC 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC 1154 Terminology for Non-Asbestos Fiber-ReinforcedCement ProductsD 1869 Specification for Rubber Rings for Asbestos-Cement Pipe2.2 Federal Standard:N
9、o. 123 Marking for Domestic Shipment (Civilian Agen-cies)32.3 Military Standard:No. 129 Marking for Shipment and Storage32.4 ISO Standards:ISO 390:1993 Products in Fibre Reinforced CementSampling and Inspection4ISO 2859-1:1999 Sampling Procedures for Inspection byAttributes Part 1: Sampling Schemes
10、Indexed by Accep-tance Quality Limit (AQL) for Lot-by-Lot Inspection4ISO 3951:1989 Sampling Procedures and Charts for Inspec-tion by Variables for Percent Nonconforming42.5 Other Standards:Uniform Freight Classification Rules5National Motor Freight Classification Rules63. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsR
11、efer to Terminology C 1154.3.1.1 couplingsection for joining fiber-cement non-pressure sewer pipe, as defined in 5.3, that when properlyinstalled with the proper accessories, develops an assembledjoint, equivalent in serviceability and strength to the pipesections when tested in accordance with 6.3.
12、3.1.2 fittingcomponents such as wyes, tees, adaptors, foruse in laying fiber-cement pipe, such that, when properlyinstalled, yields develops an assembly fitting equivalent inserviceability and strength to the pipe sections.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C17 onFiber-C
13、ement Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C17.02 onNon-Asbestos Fiber-Cement Products.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2005. Published January 2006. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C 1449 05.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM w
14、ebsite, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19
15、111-5094, Attn: NPODS.4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.5Available from the Uniform Classification Commission, Room 1106, 222 S.Riverside Plaza, Chicago, IL 60606.6Available from National Motor Freig
16、ht Inc., 1616 P St., NW, Washington, DC20036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.3 pipefiber-cement non-pressure sewer pipe as de-fined in Sections 1, 3, and 5.4. Classification4.1 The types of pipe shall be shown as
17、Type I and Type IIcorresponding to the chemical requirements given in S3.NOTE 3There are no chemical requirements for Type I pipe. Type IIpipe is generally accepted as being unaffected by sulfates in groundwaterwhich cause matrix expansion and consequential pipe deterioration.4.2 Fiber-cement sewer
18、pipe furnished under this specifica-tion shall be designated as Class I, II, III, IV, and V. Thecorresponding strength requirements are prescribed in Table 1.The D load is the saturated crushing test load expressed inpounds-force per linear foot per foot of diameter. The D1 loadis the saturated crus
19、hing test load expressed in Newtons perlinear metre per millimetre of diameter. The pipe shall befurnished in 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 42and 48-in. 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 375, 450, 525, 600, 675,750, 825, 900, 1050 and 1200-mm sizes.4.3 When requested by the owner, the manu
20、facturer shallprovide the owner the relationship between the short termcrush load required to achieve the long-term design loads withsupporting estimates of service life using recognized calcula-tion methods.NOTE 4To assist the purchaser in choosing the type of pipe mostsuitable for his use, guideli
21、nes for the definitions of aggressiveness ofwater and of soil environments for selection of the proper type offiber-cement pipe are covered in the appropriate sections of Test MethodsC 500.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Fiber-cement pipes shall be composed of an intimatemixture of an inorganic hydr
22、aulic binder (see SpecificationC 150) or a calcium silicate binder (see Specification C 595)formed by the chemical reaction of a siliceous material and acalcareous material reinforced by organic fibers, inorganicnon-asbestos fibers, or both. Process aids, fillers and pigmentswhich are compatible wit
23、h fiber-reinforced cement are notprohibited from being added.5.2 The pipe shall be of laminar construction formed underpressure to a homogeneous structure and cured under natural oraccelerated conditions to meet the chemical and physicalrequirements of this specification.5.3 Couplings:5.3.1 Fiber-ce
24、ment non-pressure sewer couplings shall bemade in conformance with 5.1 and 5.2.5.3.2 Fiber-cement non-pressure sewer couplings shall beequivalent in serviceability to those couplings defined in 5.3.1and shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturersrecommendations.5.4 Fittings:5.4.1 Fiber-c
25、ement non-pressure sewer fittings shall bemade in conformance with 5.1 and 5.2.5.4.2 Fiber-cement non-pressure sewer fittings shall beequivalent in serviceability to those fittings defined in 5.4.1 andshall be installed in accordance with the manufacturersrecommendations.6. Physical Properties6.1 Cr
26、ushing StrengthCrushing tests shall be conductedbefore shipment. Test specimens 12 in. 150 mm cut from anunmachined portion of pipe shall be tested in accordance withthe appropriate section of Test Methods C 497.6.2 Flexural StrengthLongitudinal bending tests shall beconducted before shipment. Each
27、length of pipe 10 ft 3 m orlonger, for designated sizes 8 in. 200 mm and less, shall havethe minimum proof flexural strength prescribed in Table 3,when tested in accordance with the appropriate section of TestMethods C 500.6.3 Joint TightnessThe tests outlined in this section areconsidered to be one
28、-time qualification tests to establish theadequacy of the manufacturers joint design. Instead of requir-ing performance of these tests, the purchaser may require themanufacturer to certify that pipes and couplings equivalent inmaterial and design have passed the tests enumerated in thissection. At h
29、is own expense, however, the purchaser, bydesignation with his order, shall have the option to require thatassembled pipes and couplings pass the following performancetests without leakage.6.3.1 CouplingsThe couplings, when assembled on pipe,shall be capable of withstanding simultaneously:6.3.1.1 Th
30、e minimum crushing load prescribed in Table 1,when tested in accordance with the appropriate section of TestMethods C 497, and6.3.1.2 The hydrostatic pressure tests described in 6.3.1.3and 6.3.1.4.6.3.1.3 Straight AlignmentA hydrostatic pressure testshall be made on an assembly of two sections of pi
31、pe properlyconnected with a coupling in accordance with the joint design.TABLE 1 Minimum Crushing LoadPipe ClassD Loadlbf/ft/ftD1 LoadN/m/mmI 1200 60II 1500 75III 2000 100IV 3000 150V 3750 175TABLE 2 Minimum Quality Sample SizeInspection by Variables Inspection by AttributesInspectionLot SizeNumberS
32、amplesInspectionLot SizeNumberSamples 280 3 150 5281 - 500 4 151 - 500 8502 - 1200 5 501 - 3200 13TABLE 3 Flexural Proof StrengthDesignated Size,in. mmTotal Applied LoadA4 100 550 2.45 125 950 4.26 150 1500 6.78 200B2700 12.2AThe indicated loads are applied over a clear span of 9 ft 2.7 m. It shall
33、beoptional to test at 75 % of the indicated loads on a clear span of 12 ft 3.7 m.B8 in. 200 mm Class V pipe (per Table 1) shall be tested to a TotalApplied Loadof 3000 Lbf 13.3 kN.C 1449/C 1449M 05a2An equivalent alternative shall be a single pipe with a couplingon each end. The assembly shall be su
34、bjected to an internalhydrostatic pressure of 10 psi 70 kPa for 10 min. Any visiblewater leakage shall be considered failure of the test require-ments.6.3.1.4 Maximum Deflected PositionUpon completion ofthe test for pipe in straight alignment in accordance with6.3.1.3, deflect the test sections 5 90
35、 mrad for 12 in. 300mm and smaller diameters, 3 50 mrad for 14 in. 350 mmand larger diameters (with one half of the deflection beingbetween each pipe and the coupling). The deflected assemblyshall be subjected to an internal hydrostatic pressure of 10 psi70 kPa for 10 min. Any visible water leakage
36、shall beconsidered a failure of the test requirements.7. Dimensions and Tolerances7.1 Couplings and coupling areas of the pipe shall bemachined or otherwise finished to such dimensions as willmeet the joint tightness requirements defined in 6.3.7.2 The permissible variation of the internal diameter
37、shallbe in accordance with Table 4.7.3 The inside diameter shall not vary from a true circle bymore than 3 % of its average inside diameter.7.3.1 The average inside diameter shall be determined bytaking any two 90 1.6-rad opposing measurements andaveraging the readings.8. Workmanship, Finish and App
38、earance8.1 Ends of the pipe that receive the coupling shall be freeof dents and gouges that will affect the tightness of the joint.8.2 Each pipe shall be free of bulges, dents, and tears in theinside surface that result in a variation of more than 0.2 in. 5mm from that obtained on adjacent unaffecte
39、d portions of thesurface.8.3 Each length of pipe shall not vary in straightness bymore than the following tolerances when the variation ismeasured in accordance with Section 6 of Test Methods C 500.Designated Size, in. mm Tolerance, in./ft mm/m4 to 6 100 to 150 0.06 58 to 42 200 to 1050 0.05 49. Sam
40、pling9.1 Test all material under this specification after immersionunder water at 73 6 7F 23 6 4C for a minimum of 24 h forthe crushing tests and in a normal air-dried condition inequilibrium with atmospheric humidity for the flexural tests.9.1.1 Employ sampling procedures providing an averageoutgoi
41、ng quality limit (AOQL) of 6.5 %, except where specificsampling is required by particular test procedures. AppendixX2 describes a sampling plan which provides an AOQL of6.5 %.9.1.2 The minimum sample size for sampling and accep-tance by attributes or variables shall be in Table 2.9.1.3 Pipes of diff
42、erent sizes or classes but of sequentialmanufacture in a continuous manufacturing process may besampled as being in the same inspection lot.9.2 For crushing tests sample the required number of fulllengths of pipe according to the inspection lot size. Cut one testspecimen no shorter than 6 in. 150 mm
43、 long from theunmachined end of each of the selected pipe lengths.(WarningIn addition to other precautions, when cuttingfiber-cement products minimize the dust that results. Prolongedbreathing or frequent breathing of significant airborne concen-trations of silica is hazardous. When such dust is gen
44、erated,effective measures shall be taken to prevent inhalation.)NOTE 5When sampling from continuous production, these tests maybe conducted on dry, equilibrium, or saturated specimens, provided arelationship can be established between this testing and the specifiedvalues.NOTE 6A manufacturers proces
45、s with an AOQL of 6.5 % indicatesthat better than 93.5 % of the inspected production exceeds the specifi-cations for marginally accepted product. This type of specificationprovides the protection and confidence of a clearly defined lowerboundary. This would not be true if acceptance were based solel
46、y on theaverage value of the measured property. Examples of sampling schemeswhich may be used can be found in documents such as ISO 390. Othersampling schemes may be used which maintain equally rigorous qualitylevels. Inspection by attributes consists of determining, for every item ofa sample, the p
47、resence or absence of a certain qualitative characteristic(attribute) with respect to the applicable specification. It is, in essence, apass-fail inspection which determines the number of items in a sample thatdo or do not conform to the specification. An attribute could be adimensional measurement,
48、 or a flexural strength value, or others that aredescribed in these test methods. Inspection by variable consists ofmeasuring a quantitative characteristic for each item in a sample.Conformance with the applicable specification is determined from themean values of the measured properties and the sta
49、tistical variations ofthese values above and below the mean. Appendix X2 details samplingplans to suit all common sampling situations, and specifies the number ofspecimens to be taken from each batch and the acceptance/rejectioncriteria. The specified inspection levels have been selected to suitfiber-cement products, to balance the cost of assessment against confi-dence in results commensurate with this industry.9.3 Each length of pipe 10 ft 3 m or longer in designatedsizes 8 in. 200 mm
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