1、Designation: C1449/C1449M 05a (Reapproved 2014)Standard Specification forNon-Asbestos Fiber-Cement Nonpressure Sewer Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1449/C1449M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revis
2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers requirements relating to non-asbestos fiber-cement non-pressure sewer pipe,
3、 joints, andfittings suitable for use with gravity flow, intended for sewer-age and drainage applications from point of use to point oftreatment or disposal. It defines certain conditions ofmanufacture, classification, characteristics, and acceptancetests applicable to these products.1.2 The values
4、stated in either inch-pound units or SI unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, theSI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in eachsystem are not exact equivalents; therefore each system shallbe used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems m
5、ay result in nonconformance with the specifi-cation.NOTE 1Rubber rings suitable for use with this pipe are covered inSpecification D1869.NOTE 2This specification is issued for product standardization andpurchasing purposes only, and does not include requirements for instal-lation or the relationship
6、s between operating conditions and the strengthcharacteristics of the various classifications of pipe. The purchaser iscautioned that he must correlate installation and operating conditions withthe specified characteristics of the pipe.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety c
7、oncerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C150 Specification for Portland Ceme
8、ntC497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, orTileC500 Test Methods for Asbestos-Cement PipeC595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC1154 Terminology for Non-Asbestos Fiber-Reinforced Ce-ment ProductsD1869 Specification for Rubber Rings for Asbestos-CementPipe2.2 Federal Standar
9、d:No. 123 Marking for Domestic Shipment (Civilian Agen-cies)32.3 Military Standard:No. 129 Marking for Shipment and Storage32.4 ISO Standards:ISO 390:1993 Products in Fibre Reinforced CementSampling and Inspection4ISO 2859-1:1999 Sampling Procedures for Inspection byAttributes Part 1: Sampling Schem
10、es Indexed by Accep-tance Quality Limit (AQL) for Lot-by-Lot Inspection4ISO 3951:1989 Sampling Procedures and Charts for Inspec-tion by Variables for Percent Nonconforming42.5 Other Standards:Uniform Freight Classification Rules5National Motor Freight Classification Rules63. Terminology3.1 Definitio
11、ns:3.1.1 Refer to Terminology C1154.3.1.2 couplingsection for joining fiber-cement non-pressure sewer pipe, as defined in 5.3, that when properlyinstalled with the proper accessories, develops an assembledjoint, equivalent in serviceability and strength to the pipesections when tested in accordance
12、with 6.3.3.1.3 fittingcomponents such as wyes, tees, adaptors, foruse in laying fiber-cement pipe, such that, when properlyinstalled, yields develops an assembly fitting equivalent inserviceability and strength to the pipe sections.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C17
13、onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommit-tee C17.02 on Non-Asbestos Fiber Cement Products.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as C1449/C1449M 05a(2010). DOI: 10.1520
14、/C1449_C1449M-05AR14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Standardization Document
15、s Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.5Available from the Uniform Classification Commission, Room 1106, 222 S.Ri
16、verside Plaza, Chicago, IL 60606.6Available from National Motor Freight Inc., 1616 P St., NW, Washington, DC20036.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.4 pipefiber-cement non-pressure sewer pipe as definedin Sections 1,
17、3, and 5.4. Classification4.1 The types of pipe shall be shown as Type I and Type IIcorresponding to the chemical requirements given in S3.NOTE 3There are no chemical requirements for Type I pipe. Type IIpipe is generally accepted as being unaffected by sulfates in groundwaterwhich cause matrix expa
18、nsion and consequential pipe deterioration.4.2 Fiber-cement sewer pipe furnished under this specifica-tion shall be designated as Class I, II, III, IV, and V. Thecorresponding strength requirements are prescribed in Table 1.The D load is the saturated crushing test load expressed inpounds-force per
19、linear foot per foot of diameter. The D1 loadis the saturated crushing test load expressed in Newtons perlinear metre per millimetre of diameter. The pipe shall befurnished in 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 42and 48-in. 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 375, 450, 525, 600, 675,750, 825, 900
20、, 1050 and 1200-mm sizes.4.3 When requested by the owner, the manufacturer shallprovide the owner the relationship between the short termcrush load required to achieve the long-term design loads withsupporting estimates of service life using recognized calcula-tion methods.NOTE 4To assist the purcha
21、ser in choosing the type of pipe mostsuitable for his use, guidelines for the definitions of aggressiveness ofwater and of soil environments for selection of the proper type offiber-cement pipe are covered in the appropriate sections of Test MethodsC500.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Fiber-cement p
22、ipes shall be composed of an intimatemixture of an inorganic hydraulic binder (see SpecificationC150) or a calcium silicate binder (see Specification C595)formed by the chemical reaction of a siliceous material and acalcareous material reinforced by organic fibers, inorganicnon-asbestos fibers, or b
23、oth. Process aids, fillers and pigmentswhich are compatible with fiber-reinforced cement are notprohibited from being added.5.2 The pipe shall be of laminar construction formed underpressure to a homogeneous structure and cured under natural oraccelerated conditions to meet the chemical and physical
24、requirements of this specification.5.3 Couplings:5.3.1 Fiber-cement non-pressure sewer couplings shall bemade in conformance with 5.1 and 5.2.5.3.2 Fiber-cement non-pressure sewer couplings shall beequivalent in serviceability to those couplings defined in 5.3.1and shall be installed in accordance w
25、ith the manufacturersrecommendations.5.4 Fittings:5.4.1 Fiber-cement non-pressure sewer fittings shall bemade in conformance with 5.1 and 5.2.5.4.2 Fiber-cement non-pressure sewer fittings shall beequivalent in serviceability to those fittings defined in 5.4.1 andshall be installed in accordance wit
26、h the manufacturersrecommendations.6. Physical Properties6.1 Crushing StrengthCrushing tests shall be conductedbefore shipment. Test specimens 12 in. 150 mm cut from anunmachined portion of pipe shall be tested in accordance withthe appropriate section of Test Methods C497.6.2 Flexural StrengthLongi
27、tudinal bending tests shall beconducted before shipment. Each length of pipe 10 ft 3 m orlonger, for designated sizes 8 in. 200 mm and less, shall havethe minimum proof flexural strength prescribed in Table 3,when tested in accordance with the appropriate section of TestMethods C500.6.3 Joint Tightn
28、essThe tests outlined in this section areconsidered to be one-time qualification tests to establish theadequacy of the manufacturers joint design. Instead of requir-ing performance of these tests, the purchaser may require themanufacturer to certify that pipes and couplings equivalent inmaterial and
29、 design have passed the tests enumerated in thissection. At his own expense, however, the purchaser, bydesignation with his order, shall have the option to require thatassembled pipes and couplings pass the following performancetests without leakage.6.3.1 CouplingsThe couplings, when assembled on pi
30、pe,shall be capable of withstanding simultaneously:6.3.1.1 The minimum crushing load prescribed in Table 1,when tested in accordance with the appropriate section of TestMethods C497, and6.3.1.2 The hydrostatic pressure tests described in 6.3.1.3and 6.3.1.4.TABLE 1 Minimum Crushing LoadPipe ClassD Lo
31、adlbf/ft/ftD1 LoadN/m/mmI 1200 60II 1500 75III 2000 100IV 3000 150V 3750 175TABLE 2 Minimum Quality Sample SizeInspection by Variables Inspection by AttributesInspectionLot SizeNumberSamplesInspectionLot SizeNumberSamples 280 3 150 5281 - 500 4 151 - 500 8502 - 1200 5 501 - 3200 13TABLE 3 Flexural P
32、roof StrengthDesignated Size,in. mmTotal Applied LoadA4 100 550 2.45 125 950 4.26 150 1500 6.78 200B2700 12.2AThe indicated loads are applied over a clear span of 9 ft 2.7 m. It shall beoptional to test at 75 % of the indicated loads on a clear span of 12 ft 3.7 m.B8 in. 200 mm Class V pipe (per Tab
33、le 1) shall be tested to a Total Applied Loadof 3000 Lbf 13.3 kN.C1449/C1449M 05a (2014)26.3.1.3 Straight AlignmentA hydrostatic pressure testshall be made on an assembly of two sections of pipe properlyconnected with a coupling in accordance with the joint design.An equivalent alternative shall be
34、a single pipe with a couplingon each end. The assembly shall be subjected to an internalhydrostatic pressure of 10 psi 70 kPa for 10 min. Any visiblewater leakage shall be considered failure of the test require-ments.6.3.1.4 Maximum Deflected PositionUpon completion ofthe test for pipe in straight a
35、lignment in accordance with6.3.1.3, deflect the test sections 5 90 mrad for 12 in. 300mm and smaller diameters, 3 50 mrad for 14 in. 350 mmand larger diameters (with one half of the deflection beingbetween each pipe and the coupling). The deflected assemblyshall be subjected to an internal hydrostat
36、ic pressure of 10 psi70 kPa for 10 min. Any visible water leakage shall beconsidered a failure of the test requirements.7. Dimensions and Tolerances7.1 Couplings and coupling areas of the pipe shall bemachined or otherwise finished to such dimensions as willmeet the joint tightness requirements defi
37、ned in 6.3.7.2 The permissible variation of the internal diameter shallbe in accordance with Table 4.7.3 The inside diameter shall not vary from a true circle bymore than 3 % of its average inside diameter.7.3.1 The average inside diameter shall be determined bytaking any two 90 1.6-rad opposing mea
38、surements andaveraging the readings.8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance8.1 Ends of the pipe that receive the coupling shall be freeof dents and gouges that will affect the tightness of the joint.8.2 Each pipe shall be free of bulges, dents, and tears in theinside surface that result in a variatio
39、n of more than 0.2 in. 5mm from that obtained on adjacent unaffected portions of thesurface.8.3 Each length of pipe shall not vary in straightness bymore than the following tolerances when the variation ismeasured in accordance with Section 6 of Test Methods C500.Designated Size, in. mm Tolerance, i
40、n./ft mm/m4 to 6 100 to 150 0.06 58 to 42 200 to 1050 0.05 49. Sampling9.1 Test all material under this specification after immersionunder water at 73 6 7F 23 6 4C for a minimum of 24 h forthe crushing tests and in a normal air-dried condition inequilibrium with atmospheric humidity for the flexural
41、 tests.9.1.1 Employ sampling procedures providing an averageoutgoing quality limit (AOQL) of 6.5 %, except where specificsampling is required by particular test procedures. AppendixX2 describes a sampling plan which provides an AOQL of6.5 %.9.1.2 The minimum sample size for sampling and accep-tance
42、by attributes or variables shall be in Table 2.9.1.3 Pipes of different sizes or classes but of sequentialmanufacture in a continuous manufacturing process may besampled as being in the same inspection lot.9.2 For crushing tests sample the required number of fulllengths of pipe according to the insp
43、ection lot size. Cut one testspecimen no shorter than 6 in. 150 mm long from theunmachined end of each of the selected pipe lengths.(WarningIn addition to other precautions, when cuttingfiber-cement products minimize the dust that results. Prolongedbreathing or frequent breathing of significant airb
44、orne concen-trations of silica is hazardous. When such dust is generated,effective measures shall be taken to prevent inhalation.)NOTE 5When sampling from continuous production, these tests maybe conducted on dry, equilibrium, or saturated specimens, provided arelationship can be established between
45、 this testing and the specifiedvalues.NOTE 6A manufacturers process with an AOQL of 6.5 % indicatesthat better than 93.5 % of the inspected production exceeds the specifi-cations for marginally accepted product. This type of specificationprovides the protection and confidence of a clearly defined lo
46、werboundary. This would not be true if acceptance were based solely on theaverage value of the measured property. Examples of sampling schemeswhich may be used can be found in documents such as ISO 390. Othersampling schemes may be used which maintain equally rigorous qualitylevels. Inspection by at
47、tributes consists of determining, for every item ofa sample, the presence or absence of a certain qualitative characteristic(attribute) with respect to the applicable specification. It is, in essence, apass-fail inspection which determines the number of items in a sample thatdo or do not conform to
48、the specification. An attribute could be adimensional measurement, or a flexural strength value, or others that aredescribed in these test methods. Inspection by variable consists ofmeasuring a quantitative characteristic for each item in a sample.Conformance with the applicable specification is det
49、ermined from themean values of the measured properties and the statistical variations ofthese values above and below the mean. Appendix X2 details samplingplans to suit all common sampling situations, and specifies the number ofspecimens to be taken from each batch and the acceptance/rejectioncriteria. The specified inspection levels have been selected to suitfiber-cement products, to balance the cost of assessment against confi-dence in results commensurate with this industry.9.3 Each len
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