1、Designation: C1479M 10 C1479M 12Standard Practice forInstallation of Precast Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, andCulvert Pipe Using Standard Installations (Metric)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1479M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal a
2、doption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast concrete pipe intend
3、ed to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrialwastes, and storm water, and for the construction of culverts.1.2 This practice is the SI companion to Practice C1479.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibil
4、ityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related ProductsC1417 Specification for Manufacture of
5、Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe for Direct DesignD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lb
6、f/ft3 (2,700kN-m/m3)D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metri
7、c System2.2 AASHTO Standards:3Standard Specifications for Highway BridgesM 145 Classification of Soils and SoilAggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction PurposesT 99 The Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 5.5-lb (2.5-kg) Rammer and a 12-in. (305-mm) DropT 180 The Moisture-Density Relation
8、s of Soils Using a 10-lb (4.54-kg) Rammer and an 18-in. (457-mm) DropT 310 In-Place Density and Moisture Content of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)2.3 ASCE Standard:4ASCE 15 Standard Practice for the Direct Design of Buried Precast Reinforced Concrete Pipe Using Standard I
9、nstallations(SIDD)3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe, see Terminology C822.3.2 For terminology related to soil classifications, see Practices D2487 and D2488.3.3 For terminology and definitions of terms relating to structural design, see ASCE 15.3.4 Fig. 1 illustrat
10、es the definitions and limits of the terms: foundation, subgrade, bedding, outer bedding, middle bedding,haunch, lower side, backfill or overfill, invert, crown, springline, top of pipe, and bottom of pipe as used in this practice.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on Co
11、ncrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.05 on Special Projects.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010Sept. 1, 2012. Published October 2010October 2012. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 20072010 asC1479M 07a.C1479M 10. DOI: 10.1520/C1479M-10.10.15
12、20/C1479M-12.2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American Association of Stat
13、e Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.4 Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and i
14、s intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the
15、 current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owner
16、s engineer in preparing project specifications.5. NotationsDi = inside diameter of pipe, mmDo = outside diameter of pipe, mmH = design height of earth above top of pipe, mw = unit weight of soil, N/m36. Standard Installations6.1 The precast concrete pipe/soil system shall be constructed to conform t
17、o the requirements of Figs. 2 and 3 and Tables 1 and2 as designated on the plans.7. Excavation7.1 When rock or other unyielding foundation material is encountered, it shall be removed at least to the requirements shownin Figs. 2 and 3 and Tables 1 and 2. Overexcavated areas shall be backfilled with
18、approved materials and compacted to at leastthe standard proctor density specified for the bedding.7.2 Where surface water or groundwater conditions exist, the site and trench shall be dewatered.FIG. 1 Pipe/Installation TerminologyC1479M 1228. Foundation8.1 The foundation shall be moderately firm to
19、 hard in situ soil, stabilized soil, or compacted fill material.8.2 When unsuitable or unstable material is encountered, the foundation shall be stabilized.8.3 Methods to prevent migration of soil fines shall be provided when groundwater or existing soil conditions are conduciveto particle migration
20、. Gravelly soils, with little or no fines, could migrate under certain conditions, causing lack of support.8.4 Pipe installed over an unyielding foundation shall be cushioned so as to prevent blasting shock when future blasting isanticipated in the area.9. Bedding9.1 The bedding shall be constructed
21、 uniformly over the full length of the pipe barrel, as required for the designated standardinstallation, to distribute the load-bearing reaction uniformly on the pipe barrel over its full length, and to maintain the requiredpipe grade. See Fig. 4. If placed in layers, the thickness of the layers sha
22、ll be as required to achieve the specified compaction andas required by the project specifications.9.2 The bedding layers for standard installation Types 1, 2, and 3 shall be placed to be as uniform as possible, but shall beloosely placed uncompacted material under the middle third of the pipe prior
23、 to placement of the pipe.9.3 The maximum aggregate size shall be 25 mm when the bedding thickness is less than 150 mm and 38 mm when the beddingthickness is 150 mm or greater, except as noted in 9.4.9.4 When in situ soils conforming to project specifications are used in constructing the bedding for
24、 Type 3 and 4 installations,the maximum aggregate size shall not be greater than 75 mm, or half the bedding thickness, whichever is less.9.5 The use of aggregate sizes larger than 25 mm shall be limited to 20 % of the bedding material by weight.9.6 Bell holes shall be excavated in the bedding or fou
25、ndation, or both, when installing pipe with expanded bells so that the pipeis supported by the barrel and not by the bells. See Fig. 4.9.7 Any outer bedding under the lower side areas shall be compacted to at least the same requirements as for the lower sideareas.FIG. 2 Standard Embankment Installat
26、ionsC1479M 12310. Pipe Placement and Joining10.1 Pipe shall be installed to the line and grade shown on the project plans and specifications. The joint shall be as specifiedin the project specifications and shall be installed in accordance with the pipe manufacturers recommendations.NOTE 1(Advisory)
27、 Where practical, work should be started at the lowest end of the pipeline and the pipe laid with the bell end upgrade.10.2 If required, the top of the pipe section being laid shall be positioned to the correct rotational orientation and then joined.10.3 The bedding grade under the middle third of t
28、he pipe outside diameter shall be prepared before laying the pipe section.Making adjustments in grade by exerting force on the barrel of the pipe with excavating equipment, by lifting and dropping thepipe, or by lifting the pipe and packing bedding material under it shall be prohibited. If the insta
29、lled pipe section is not on grade,the pipe section shall be completely unjoined, the grade corrected, and the pipe then rejoined.11. Haunch11.1 The haunch shall be constructed using the specified soil type and the minimum compaction level required for thedesignated standard installation. It shall be
30、 placed and compacted uniformly for the full length of the pipe barrel so as to distributethe load-bearing reaction uniformly to the bedding over the full length of the pipe barrel. If placed in layers, the thickness of thelayers shall be as required to achieve the specified compaction and as requir
31、ed by the project specifications.11.2 The maximum aggregate size for the haunch shall be the same as the maximum aggregate size in the bedding as definedin 9.3, except as noted in 11.3.11.3 When in situ soils conforming to project specifications are used in constructing the pipe haunches for Type 3
32、and 4installations, the maximum aggregate size shall not be greater than 75 mm.11.4 The use of aggregate sizes larger than 25 mm shall be limited to 20 % of the haunch material by weight.11.5 Placed soil shall be deposited and compacted to the specified density uniformly on each side of the pipe to
33、prevent lateraldisplacement of the pipe.NOTE 1Clearance between pipe and trench wall shall be adequate to enable specified compaction but not less than Do/6.FIG. 3 Standard Trench InstallationsC1479M 12412. Lower Side12.1 The lower side, if not in situ, shall be constructed using the specified soil
34、type and the minimum compaction level requiredfor the designated standard installation. If placed in layers, the thickness of the layers shall be as required to achieve the specifiedcompaction and as required by the project specifications.12.2 The soil, if not in situ, shall be material conforming t
35、o the project specifications, and contain no debris, organic matter,frozen material, or large stones with a diameter greater than one half the thickness of the compacted layers being placed.12.3 Placed soil shall be deposited and compacted to the specified density uniformly on each side of the pipe
36、to prevent lateraldisplacement of the pipe.13. Overfill13.1 Overfill shall be constructed as specified in the project specifications. If placed in layers, the thickness of the layers shallbe as required to achieve the specified compaction and as required by the project specifications.13.2 The soil s
37、hall be material conforming to the project specifications, and contain no debris, organic matter, frozen material,or large stones with a diameter greater than one half the thickness of the compacted layers being placed.TABLE 1 Standard Embankment Installation Soils and Minimum Compaction Requirement
38、sNOTE 1Compaction and soil symbols (that is, 95 % Category I), refer to a soil material category with a minimum standard proctor density. See Table3 for equivalent modified proctor values and soil types.NOTE 2Type 1 installations require greater soil stiffness from the surrounding soils than the Typ
39、e 2, 3, and 4 installations. Proper field verificationof soil properties and compaction levels must be performed to ensure compliance with the design requirements. See Appendix X2 for more informationand guidance.NOTE 3For Type 1 installation, crushed rock is not an appropriate material for bedding
40、under the pipe. An uncompacted, non-crushed material mustbe used under the middle third of the pipe outside diameter. While crushed rock meeting the requirements of this specification may self compact vertically,it will not flow laterally to provide support for the haunches of the pipe. To achieve a
41、 90 to 95 % compaction with crushed rock, work material underthe haunch and compact it to achieve the specified density. Otherwise, the specified installation is not achieved.NOTE 4Soil in the outer bedding, haunch, and lower side zones, except within Do/3 from the pipe springline, shall be compacte
42、d to at least the samecompaction as the majority of soil in the overfill zone.NOTE 5Required bedding thickness is the thickness of the bedding prior to placement of the pipe.NOTE 6A subtrench is defined as a trench with its top below finished grade by more than 0.1H or, for roadways, its top is at a
43、n elevation lower than0.3 m below the bottom of the pavement base material.The minimum width of a subtrench shall be 1.33 Do, or wider, if required for adequate space to attain the specified compaction in the haunch and beddingzones.For subtrenches, except within Do/3 from the springline, any portio
44、n of the lower side zone in the subtrench wall shall be at least as firm as an equivalentsoil placed to the compaction requirements specified for the lower side zone and as firm as the majority of soil in the overfill zone, or it shall be removedand replaced with soil compacted to the specified leve
45、l.NOTE 7“Dumped” material without additional compactive effort will not provide the design haunch support required for Type 1 and 2 installationsand it should be checked for Type 3 installations.InstallationTypeBeddingThicknessHaunch andOuter Bedding Lower SideType 1 Do/24 minimum;not less than 75 m
46、mIf rock foundation,use Do/12 minimum;not less than 150 mm95 % Category I 90 % Category I,95 % Category II, or100 % Category IIIType 2 Do/24 minimum;not less than 75 mmIf rock foundation,use Do/12 minimum;not less than 150 mm90 % Category I or95 % Category II85 % Category I,90 % Category II, or95 %
47、Category IIIType 3 Do/24 minimum;not less than 75 mmIf rock foundation,use Do/12 minimum;not less than 150 mm85 % Category I,90 % Category II, or95 % Category III85 % Category I,90 % Category II, or95 % Category IIIType 4 No bedding required,except if rockfoundation, useDo/12 minimum;not less than 1
48、50 mmNo compactionrequired, exceptif Category III, use85 % Category IIINo compactionrequired, exceptif Category III, use85 % Category IIIC1479M 12513.3 Placed soil shall be deposited and compacted to the specified density uniformly on each side of the pipe to prevent lateraldisplacement of the pipe.
49、 The overfill placed within one outside diameter of the pipe that is above the springline and below thetop of the pipe shall be compacted to at least the same density as the majority of the overfill above the pipe.13.4 When impact or vibratory equipment is used for compaction, care shall be taken to avoid damaging the pipe.pipe,particularly for installations with less than 0.6 m of earthfill over the pipe. Contractor shall demonstrate to the satisfaction of theengineer that the installation process will not result in damage to the pipe.NOTE 2Compaction str
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