1、Designation: C1479M 13C1479M 16Standard Practice forInstallation of Precast Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, andCulvert Pipe Using Standard Installations (Metric)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1479M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ad
2、option or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast concrete pipe intende
3、d to be used for the conveyance of sewage, industrialwastes, and storm water, and for the construction of culverts.1.2 This practice is the SI companion to Practice C1479.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibili
4、tyof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related ProductsC1417 Specification for Manufacture of R
5、einforced Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe for Direct DesignC1479 Practice for Installation of Precast Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe Using Standard InstallationsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 (
6、600 kN-m/m3)D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700kN-m/m3)D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (
7、Visual-Manual Procedure)IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System2.2 AASHTO Standards:3Standard Specifications for Highway BridgesM 145 Classification of Soils and SoilAggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction PurposesT 99 The Moisture-Den
8、sity Relations of Soils Using a 5.5-lb (2.5-kg) Rammer and a 12-in. (305-mm) DropT 180 The Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 10-lb (4.54-kg) Rammer and an 18-in. (457-mm) DropT 310 In-Place Density and Moisture Content of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)2.3 ASCE S
9、tandard:4ASCE 15 Standard Practice for the Direct Design of Buried Precast Reinforced Concrete Pipe Using Standard Installations(SIDD)3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe, see Terminology C822.3.2 For terminology related to soil classifications, see Practices D2487 an
10、d D2488.3.3 For terminology and definitions of terms relating to structural design, see ASCE 15.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.05 on Special Projects.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2013Oct. 15, 2
11、016. Published February 2013October 2016. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 20122013as C1479M 12.C1479M - 13. DOI: 10.1520/C1479M-13.10.1520/C1479M-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.
12、 For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.4
13、Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit
14、may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Ha
15、rbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.4 Fig. 1 illustrates the definitions and limits of the terms: foundation, subgrade, bedding, outer bedding, middle bedding,haunch, lower side, backfill or overfill, invert, crown, springline, top of pipe, and bottom of pipe a
16、s used in this practice.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owners engineer in preparing project specifications.5. NotationsDi = inside diameter of pipe, mmDi = inside diameter of pipe, mm.Do = outside diameter of pipe, mm.H = design height of earth
17、above top of pipe, m.w = unit weight of soil, N/m3.Do = outside diameter of pipe, mmH = design height of earth above top of pipe, mw = unit weight of soil, N/m36. Standard Installations6.1 The precast concrete pipe/soil system shall be constructed to conform to the requirements of Figs. 2 and 3 and
18、Tables 1 and2 as designated on the plans.FIG. 1 Pipe/Installation TerminologyC1479M 162FIG. 2 Standard Embankment InstallationsNOTE 1Clearance between pipe and trench wall shall be adequate to enable specified compaction but not less than Do/6.FIG. 3 Standard Trench InstallationsC1479M 1637. Excavat
19、ion7.1 When rock or other unyielding foundation material is encountered, it shall be removed at least to the requirements shownin Figs. 2 and 3 and Tables 1 and 2. Overexcavated areas shall be backfilled with approved materials and compacted to at leastthe standard proctor density specified for the
20、bedding.7.2 Where surface water or groundwater conditions exist, the site and trench shall be dewatered.8. Foundation8.1 The foundation shall be moderately firm to hard in situ soil, stabilized soil, or compacted fill material.8.2 When unsuitable or unstable material is encountered, the foundation s
21、hall be stabilized.8.3 Methods to prevent migration of soil fines shall be provided when groundwater or existing soil conditions are conduciveto particle migration. Gravelly soils, with little or no fines, could migrate under certain conditions, causing lack of support.8.4 Pipe installed over an uny
22、ielding foundation shall be cushioned so as to prevent blasting shock when future blasting isanticipated in the area.TABLE 1 Standard Embankment Installation Soils and Minimum Compaction RequirementsNOTE 1Compaction and soil symbols (that is, 95 % Category I), refer to a soil material category with
23、a minimum standard proctor density. See Table3 for equivalent modified proctor values and soil types.NOTE 2Type 1 installations require greater soil stiffness from the surrounding soils than the Type 2, 3, and 4 installations. Proper field verificationof soil properties and compaction levels must be
24、 performed to ensure compliance with the design requirements. See Appendix X2 for more informationand guidance.NOTE 3For Type 1 installation, crushed rock is not an appropriate material for bedding under the pipe. An uncompacted, non-crushed material mustbe used under the middle third of the pipe ou
25、tside diameter. While crushed rock meeting the requirements of this specification may self compact vertically,it will not flow laterally to provide support for the haunches of the pipe. To achieve a 90 to 95 % compaction with crushed rock, work material underthe haunch and compact it to achieve the
26、specified density. Otherwise, the specified installation is not achieved.NOTE 4Soil in the outer bedding, haunch, and lower side zones, except within Do/3 from the pipe springline, shall be compacted to at least the samecompaction as the majority of soil in the overfill zone.NOTE 5Required bedding t
27、hickness is the thickness of the bedding prior to placement of the pipe.NOTE 6A subtrench is defined as a trench with its top below finished grade by more than 0.1H or, for roadways, its top is at an elevation lower than0.3 m below the bottom of the pavement base material.The minimum width of a subt
28、rench shall be 1.33 Do, or wider, if required for adequate space to attain the specified compaction in the haunch and beddingzones.For subtrenches, except within Do/3 from the springline, any portion of the lower side zone in the subtrench wall shall be at least as firm as an equivalentsoil placed t
29、o the compaction requirements specified for the lower side zone and as firm as the majority of soil in the overfill zone, or it shall be removedand replaced with soil compacted to the specified level.NOTE 7“Dumped” material without additional compactive effort will not provide the design haunch supp
30、ort required for Type 1 and 2 installations.InstallationTypeBeddingThicknessHaunch andOuter Bedding Lower SideType 1 Do/24 minimum;not less than 75 mmIf rock foundation,use Do/12 minimum;not less than 150 mm95 % Category I 90 % Category I,95 % Category IIType 2 Do/24 minimum;not less than 75 mmIf ro
31、ck foundation,use Do/12 minimum;not less than 150 mm90 % Category I or95 % Category II85 % Category I,90 % Category II, or95 % Category IIIType 3 Do/24 minimum;not less than 75 mmIf rock foundation,use Do/12 minimum;not less than 150 mm85 % Category I,90 % Category II, or95 % Category III85 % Catego
32、ry I,90 % Category II, or95 % Category IIIType 4 No bedding required,except if rockfoundation, useDo/12 minimum;not less than 150 mmNo compactionrequired, exceptif Category III, use85 % Category IIINo compactionrequired, exceptif Category III, use85 % Category IIIC1479M 1649. Bedding9.1 The bedding
33、shall be constructed uniformly over the full length of the pipe barrel, as required for the designated standardinstallation, to distribute the load-bearing reaction uniformly on the pipe barrel over its full length, and to maintain the requiredpipe grade. See Fig. 4. If placed in layers, the thickne
34、ss of the layers shall be as required to achieve the specified compaction andas required by the project specifications.9.2 The bedding layers for standard installation Types 1, 2, and 3 shall be placed to be as uniform as possible, but shall beloosely placed uncompacted material under the middle thi
35、rd of the pipe prior to placement of the pipe.9.3 The maximum aggregate size shall be 25 mm when the bedding thickness is less than 150 mm and 38 mm when the beddingthickness is 150 mm or greater, except as noted in 9.4.TABLE 2 Standard Trench Installation Soils and Minimum Compaction RequirementsNO
36、TE 1Compaction and soil symbols (that is, 95 % Category I), refer to a soil material category with a minimum standard proctor density. See Table3 for equivalent modified proctor values and soil types.NOTE 2Type 1 installations require greater soil stiffness from the surrounding soils than the Type 2
37、, 3, and 4 installations. Proper field verificationof soil properties and compaction levels must be performed to ensure compliance with the design requirements. See Appendix X2 for more informationand guidance.NOTE 3For Type 1 installation, crushed rock is not an appropriate material for bedding und
38、er the pipe. An uncompacted, non-crushed material mustbe used under the middle third of the pipe outside diameter. While crushed rock meeting the requirements of this specification may self compact vertically,it will not flow laterally to provide support for the haunches of the pipe. To achieve a 90
39、 to 95 % compaction with crushed rock, work material underthe haunch and compact it to achieve the specified density. Otherwise, the specified installation is not achieved.NOTE 4When the trench width specified must be exceeded, the owner shall be notified.NOTE 5The trench width shall be wider than s
40、hown (Fig. 3) if required for adequate space to attain the specified compaction in the haunch andbedding zones.NOTE 6Embankment loading shall be used when trench walls consist of embankment unless a geotechnical analysis is made and the soil in the trenchwalls is compacted to a higher level than the
41、 soil in the backfill zone.NOTE 7Required bedding thickness is the thickness of the bedding prior to placement of the pipe.NOTE 8“Dumped” material without additional compactive effort will not provide the design haunch support required for Type 1 and 2 installations.InstallationTypeBeddingThicknessH
42、aunch andOuter Bedding Lower SideType 1 Do/24 minimum;not less than 75 mmIf rock foundation,use Do/12 minimum;not less than 150 mm95 % Category I Undisturbed natural soilwith firmness equivalentto the followingplaced soils:90 % Category I,95 % Category II,or embankment tothe same requirementsType 2
43、Do/24 minimum;not less than 75 mmIf rock foundation,use Do/12 minimum;not less than 150 mm90 % Category I or95 % Category IIUndisturbed natural soilwith firmness equivalentto the followingplaced soils:85 % Category I,90 % Category II,95 % Category III,or embankment tothe same requirementsType 3 Do/2
44、4 minimum;not less than 75 mmIf rock foundation,use Do/12 minimum;not less than 150 mm85 % Category I,90 % Category II,or 95 % Category IIIUndisturbed natural soilwith firmness equivalentto the followingplaced soils:85 % Category I,90 % Category II,95 % Category III,or embankment tothe same requirem
45、entsType 4 No bedding required,except if rockfoundation, useDo/12 minimum;not less than 150 mmNo compactionrequired, exceptif Category III, use85 % Category IIINo compactionrequired, exceptif Category III, use85 % Category IIIC1479M 1659.4 When in situ soils conforming to project specifications are
46、used in constructing the outer bedding for Type 3 and 4installations, the maximum aggregate size shall not be greater than 75 mm, or half the bedding thickness, whichever is less.9.5 The use of aggregate sizes larger than 25 mm shall be limited to 20 % of the bedding material by weight.9.6 Bell hole
47、s shall be excavated in the bedding or foundation, or both, when installing pipe with expanded bells so that the pipeis supported by the barrel and not by the bells. See Fig. 4.9.7 Any outer bedding under the lower side areas shall be compacted to at least the same requirements as for the lower side
48、areas.10. Pipe Placement and Joining10.1 Pipe shall be installed to the line and grade shown on the project plans and specifications. The joint shall be as specifiedin the project specifications and shall be installed in accordance with the pipe manufacturers recommendations.NOTE 1(Advisory) Where p
49、ractical, work should be started at the lowest end of the pipeline and the pipe laid with the bell end upgrade.10.2 If required, the top of the pipe section being laid shall be positioned to the correct rotational orientation and then joined.10.3 The bedding grade under the middle third of the pipe outside diameter shall be prepared before laying the pipe section.Making adjustments in grade by exerting force on the barrel of the pipe with excavating equipment, by lifting and dropping thepipe, or by lifting the pipe and packing bedding material under i
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