1、Designation: C1504M 15aC1504M 16Standard Specification forManufacture of Precast Reinforced Concrete Three-SidedStructures for Culverts and Storm Drains (Metric)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1504M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、 adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers single-cell precast conventionally reinfo
3、rced concrete three-sided structures intended to be usedfor the construction of culverts and for the conveyance of storm water.1.2 This specification is the metric counterpart of Specification C1504; therefore, no imperial (metric) equivalents are presentedin this specification.NOTE 1This specificat
4、ion is primarily a manufacturing and purchasing specification. The successful performance of this product depends upon theproper selection of the geometric section, bedding, backfill, and care that the installation conforms to the construction specifications. The purchaser ofthe precast reinforced c
5、oncrete three-sided structure specified herein is cautioned that proper correlation of the loading conditions and the fieldrequirements with the geometric section specified and provisions for inspection at the construction site are required.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unit
6、s are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2
7、A615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA706/A706M Specification for Deformed and Plain Low-Alloy Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA1064/A1064M Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for ConcreteC
8、31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the FieldC33/C33M Specification for Concrete AggregatesC39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete SpecimensC150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC260/C260M Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures f
9、or ConcreteC309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Compounds for Curing ConcreteC494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for ConcreteC497M Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or Tile (Metric)C595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coa
10、l Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related ProductsC989/C989M Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and MortarsC1017/C1017M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Use in Producing Flowing ConcreteC1116/C1116
11、M Specification for Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteC1602/C1602M Specification for Mixing Water Used in the Production of Hydraulic Cement Concrete2.2 AASHTO Standard:AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications31 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on Concrete Pipe and is the di
12、rect responsibility of Subcommittee C13.07 on AcceptanceSpecifications and Precast Concrete Box Sections.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015Feb. 1, 2016. Published October 2015February 2016. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2015 asC1504M 15C1504M 15a.1. DOI: 10.1520/C
13、1504M-15A.10.1520/C1504M-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American Associa
14、tion of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the pre
15、vious version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM I
16、nternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.3 ACI Standard:ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms, see Terminology C822.4. Types4.1 Precast reinforced conc
17、rete three-sided structures manufactured in accordance with this specification shall be designated byspan, rise, and design earth cover.5. Basis of Acceptance5.1 Acceptability of the three-sided sections produced in accordance with Section 7 shall be determined by the results of theconcrete compress
18、ive strength tests described in Section 10, by the material requirements described in Section 6, and by inspectionof the finished three-sided sections.5.2 Three-sided sections shall be considered ready for acceptance when they conform to the requirements of this specification.6. Materials6.1 Reinfor
19、ced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates, admixtures ifused, and water, in which steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steel and concrete act together.6.2 Cementitious Materials:6.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirements fo
20、r portland cement of Specification C150/C150M or shall beportland blast-furnace slag cement, portland-limestone cement, or portland-pozzolan cement conforming to the requirements ofSpecification C595/C595M, except that the pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland pozzolan cement shall be fly ash
21、.6.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements of Specification C618, Class F or Class C.6.2.3 Slag CementSlag cement shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120 of Specification C989/C989M.6.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious mater
22、ials used in concrete shall beone of the following:6.2.4.1 Portland cement only,6.2.4.2 Portland blast-furnace slag cement only,6.2.4.3 Portland-pozzolan cement only,6.2.4.4 Portland-limestone cement only,6.2.4.5 A combination of portland cement or portland-limestone cement and fly ash,6.2.4.6 A com
23、bination of portland cement or portland-limestone cement and slag cement,6.2.4.7 A combination of portland cement or portland-limestone cement, slag cement, and fly ash, or6.2.4.8 A combination of portland-pozzolan cement and fly ash.6.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to Specification C33/C33M,
24、except that the requirements for gradation shall notapply.6.4 AdmixturesThe following admixtures and blends are allowable:6.4.1 Air-entraining admixture conforming to Specification C260/C260M;6.4.2 Chemical admixture conforming to Specification C494/C494M;6.4.3 Chemical admixture for use in producin
25、g flowing concrete conforming to Specification C1017/C1017M; and6.4.4 Chemical admixture or blend approved by the owner.6.4.5 Air Entraining AdmixturesAir entraining will be required on all products produced with positive slump, wet-castconcrete, and shall conform to the requirements of Specificatio
26、n C260/C260M.6.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist of welded wire reinforcement conforming to Specification A1064/A1064M for steel wire and welded wire reinforcement, plain and deformed, for concrete. For circumferential reinforcement,deformed and plain steel bars for reinforced concret
27、e are permitted conforming to Specification A706/A706M or A615/A615M,Grade 420, and longitudinal distribution reinforcement shall consist of welded wire reinforcement or deformed billet-steel barsconforming to Specification A706/A706M or A615/A615M, Grade 420.NOTE 2This specification does not addres
28、s reinforcement with prestressing strand or any other form of pre-tensioning or post-tensioning.6.6 FibersSynthetic fibers and nonsynthetic fibers shall be allowed to be used, at the manufacturers option, in concrete pipeas a nonstructural manufacturing material. Synthetic fibers (Type II and Type I
29、II) and nonsynthetic fiber (Type I) designed andmanufactured specifically for use in concrete and conforming to the requirements of Specification C1116/C1116M shall beaccepted.4 Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.concrete.org.C
30、1504M 1626.7 WaterWater used in the production of concrete shall be potable or non-potable water that meets the requirements ofSpecification C1602/C1602M.7. Design7.1 Design CriteriaThe three-sided sections dimensions and reinforcement details shall be as required by design, inaccordance with Sectio
31、n 3, 5, and 12.14 of the American Association of State Highways and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. The minimum concrete compressive strength shall be 35 MPa, and the minimum steel yieldstrength shall be 450 MPa for welded-wire reinforcement and 420 MPa for deform
32、ed billet-steel bars.7.2 Placement of ReinforcementThe minimum cover of concrete over the circumferential reinforcing diameter shall be 25 mmfor bar reinforcement and welded wire reinforcement for all structures up to 3.6 m in span and 38 mm for longer spans subjectto provisions of Section 11 for bo
33、th bar reinforcement and welded wire reinforcement.The clear distance of the end circumferentialwires shall be not less than 13 mm nor more than 50 mm from the ends of each section. For three-sided sections covered by lessthan 0.6 m of fill, minimum cover for the reinforcement in the top of the top
34、slab shall be 50 mm, subject to the provisions ofSection 11. Reinforcement shall be assembled utilizing any combination of single or multiple layers of welded-wire reinforcement,not to exceed three layers or utilizing single or multiple layers of deformed billet steel bars, not to exceed two layers.
35、 Thewelded-wire reinforcement on 7.3 shall be composed of circumferential and longitudinal wires meeting the spacing requirementsof 7.3 and shall contain sufficient longitudinal wires extending through the three-sided section to maintain the shape and positionof reinforcement. Longitudinal distribut
36、ion reinforcement may be welded-wire reinforcement or deformed billet-steel bars andshall meet the spacing requirements of 7.3. The ends of the longitudinal distribution reinforcement shall not be more than 50 mmfrom the ends of a three-sided section. The exposure of the ends of longitudinals, stirr
37、ups, and spacers used to position thereinforcement shall not be a cause for rejection.7.3 Laps, Welds, and SpacingSplices in the circumferential reinforcement shall be made by lapping. For welded wirereinforcement, the overlap measured between the outermost longitudinal wires of each reinforcement s
38、heet or the outermost barsshall not be less than the spacing of the longitudinal wires plus 50 mm but not less than 250 mm. For splices of deformed billetsteel bars, the overlap shall meet the requirements of AASHTO. The outside circumferential reinforcement in the top slab shallbe continuous with o
39、r be lapped with the outside circumferential reinforcement in the sides. If welds are made to welded wirereinforcement circumferential reinforcement, they shall be made only to selected circumferential wires that are not less than 450mm apart along the longitudinal axis of the three-sided section. W
40、hen spacers are welded to circumferential wires, they shall bewelded only to these selected circumferential wires. There shall be no welding to other circumferential wires. No welds shall bemade to the inside circumferential wires in the middle third of the top span. No welds shall be made to the ou
41、tside circumferentialwires in the top span within one fourth of the span from the corners or in any location in either leg. Welding of deformed billetsteel bar circumferential reinforcement is prohibited in all cases. When distribution reinforcement is to be fastened to a cage bywelding, it shall be
42、 welded only to longitudinal wires or bars and only near the ends of the three-sided section. The spacing centerto center of the circumferential (wires) reinforcement shall not be less than 50 mm nor more than 100 mm for welded wirereinforcement or less than 50 mm nor more than 200 mm for deformed b
43、illet steel bars. The spacing center to center of thelongitudinal reinforcement shall not be more than 200 mm for welded wire reinforcement or more than 300 mm for deformed billetsteel bars. If welds are made to Grade 420 reinforcing bars, weldable bars conforming to Specification A706/A706M shall b
44、e used.8. Joints8.1 The precast reinforced concrete three-sided structures shall be produced with tongue and groove ends, flat butt ends orkey-way ends. The ends shall be of such design and the ends of the three-sided sections so formed that each section can be laidtogether to make a continuous line
45、 of sections compatible with the permissible variations given in Section 11.9. Manufacture9.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded, proportioned, and mixed with cementitious materials and water andadmixture, if any, to produce a thoroughly mixed concrete of such quality that the structures w
46、ill conform to the designrequirements of this specification. All concrete shall have a water-cementitious materials ratio not exceeding 0.53 by weightsexcept that for concrete exposed to cyclic freeze/thaw the water-cementitious materials ratio shall not exceed 0.45. Cementitiousmaterials shall be a
47、s specified in 6.2 and shall be added to the mix in a proportion not less than 280 kg/m3 unless mix designs witha lower cementitious materials content demonstrate that the quality and performance of the three-sided sections meet therequirements of this specification. Wet cast concrete subject to fre
48、eze/thaw cycle shall be air-entrained. Air entrainment amountsshall be in accordance with ACI 318-11, Chapter 4, for the appropriate Exposure Class.9.2 CuringThe three-sided sections shall be cured for a sufficient length of time so that the concrete will develop the requiredcompressive strength by
49、the time of delivery. Any one of the following methods of curing or combinations thereof may be used:9.2.1 Steam CuringThe three-sided section may be low pressure, steam-cured by a system that will maintain a moistatmosphere.9.2.2 Water CuringThe three-sided section may be water-cured by any method that will keep the sections moist.C1504M 1639.2.3 Membrane CuringAsealing membrane conforming to the requirements of Specification C309 may be applied and shallbe left intact until the required concrete compressive strength is attained. The concrete temper
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