1、Designation: C 1515 01Standard Guide forCleaning of Exterior Dimension Stone, Vertical AndHorizontal Surfaces, New or Existing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1515; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes materials and procedures whichmay be used to clean dimension stone exteriors as
3、well as theconditions under which they may be used. It is intended to aidowners, maintenance supervisors and building managers, ar-chitects and engineers, and contractors clean vertical exteriordimension stone on commercial, residential and institutionalstructures. This guide may also be helpful to
4、those who wish toclean stone masonry on bridges, retaining walls, ramps, andplazas, and free-standing stone objects such as statuary, me-morials and grave markers.1.2 This guide relates primarily, to routine maintenance ofthe surface finish of exterior dimension stone. The techniquesnoted herein may
5、 not be appropriate or cost effective withregard to restoration of disfigured, severely soiled or stainedstonework, or of stonework of particular historic importance.In cases where staining occurs on surfaces which have cultural,civic, historic or architectural significance, consultation with aspeci
6、alist is recommended.1.3 The user of this guide must also obtain and have on fileat both the job site and the office Material Safety Data Sheets(MSDS) describing the nature of all chemical products utilizedduring the cleaning process.1.4 A file of literature from the manufacturers of all prod-ucts i
7、nvolved within the scope of each project should beavailable for reference.1.5 These procedures are not intended for interior stone-work.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to es
8、tablish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 119 Definition of Terms Relating to Dimension Stone2C 503 Specification for Marble Dimension Stone2C 568 Specification for Limestone D
9、imension Stone2C 615 Specification for Granite Dimension Stone2C 616 Specification for Quartz-Based Dimension Stone2C 629 Specification for Slate Dimension Stone23. Terminology3.1 This guide uses the term “qualified contractor,” definedas a person, persons or organizations having expertise in stonec
10、leaning, proved by documented projects demonstrating suc-cessful work, consistency in business or consultancy for aperiod of five or more years.4. Significance and Use4.1 Dimension stone is chosen for use in contemporaryarchitecture in part because of its aesthetic appeal. Aestheticscan be significa
11、ntly diminished when dirt, grime, fly ash, algaeand other contaminants collect on the surface of stone.4.2 This guide is intended to assist those who wish topreserve the original appearance of a new structure or to returna stone-clad building to its original color and appearance.4.2.1 Note that clea
12、ning may not be able to return discoloredor faded stone to its original appearance.4.3 This guide may be used as a construction document.5. Description5.1 “Exterior Dimension Stone” is a general term for a stoneinstalled in a location where temperature, moisture and wind-carried contaminants are reg
13、ulated solely or primarily by theforces of nature.6. General Information6.1 Exterior stone is used in honed, textured, or polishedfinishes in many modes in exterior environments. However,trade experience discourages the use of a polished finishmarble or limestone on exterior applications due to susc
14、epti-bility to damage by acids in rain or snow, and by wind-drivendirt particles.6.2 The use of dark colored marbles and limestones forexteriors is discouraged because fading in direct sunlight hasbeen experienced. Discolored or faded stone may not be able tobe returned to its original color by clea
15、ning.6.3 Only marbles with an “A” Soundness Classificationshould be used for exterior installations. An exception is1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on DimensionStone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.07 on EnvironmentalProperties, Behavior, and Cleaning
16、.Current edition approved Dec 10, 2001. Published March 2002.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.travertine marble (“C” Soundness Classification) which may beinstalled with its na
17、tural voids either filled or unfilled.6.4 Stone installed in a mortar bed should be allowed to cureproperly. Do not apply surface treatments to stone set horizon-tally in a mortar bed for at least four weeks followinginstallation.6.5 Carefully identify all wet pedestrian areas with barri-cades, “dan
18、ger” signs or bright red or orange-colored “danger”pylons.7. Normal Maintenance7.1 In accessible areas, routinely follow maintenance pro-cedures as specified for Polished Stone, Honed Stone orTextured Finish Stone as applicable. The large expanses ofstone traditionally found on exterior multi-story
19、installationsshould be cleaned as often as necessary to remove accumulatedpollutants.7.1.1 A practice as simple as a hosing down with potablewater on a regular basis will prevent accumulation of dust andacidic deposits left by rain or snow.7.1.2 The cleaning of stone should be done only by qualified
20、contractors who have the craftsmen, equipment, resources, andtechnical expertise to do the work, as well as make any repair,resetting, or repointing that may be necessary.7.1.3 Generally, the processes used in multi-story cleaningwill be similar to normal procedures, except that pumps forpressure wa
21、sh, or steam and rinse water may be employed toeconomize on the amount of time necessary to the work.7.1.4 Consult material suppliers and qualified contractors toobtain their recommendations for maintenance, materials orrepairs.7.1.5 Always test any cleaning method on a sample area todetermine its e
22、ffectiveness. Always refer to the manufacturersinstructions.7.1.6 Always try the least aggressive cleaning media (po-table water) first.7.1.7 Evaluate project conditions with regard to requiredprotection of adjacent properties and public safety. The protec-tion needed for cleaning multi-story struct
23、ures will differ fromthat needed for one or two-story buildings.8. Polished Dimension Stone8.1 Polished Stone has a glossy surface that reflects lightand emphasizes the color and markings of the material.8.1.1 Normal maintenance involves only periodic washingwith clean, potable water and neutral (pH
24、7) cleaners. “Soap-less” cleaners are preferred because they minimize streakingand filming. Abrasive cleaners should be avoided.8.1.2 Stone surfaces should first be wetted with clean, hot(not boiling) water. Then, using the cleaner solution (followingmanufacturers directions) wash in small, overlapp
25、ing sweepsfrom top down, or follow manufacturers directions if different.Rinse thoroughly with clean, potable water to remove all tracesof soap or cleaner solution. If rinsing is done by hand, changethe water in the rinse pail frequently. Dry with a soft cloth,cotton flannel or chamois, wiping caref
26、ully to avoid streaks.The surface may also be allowed to air-dry.8.1.2.1 CAUTION: Do not use bleach, acid, or strong alkalisolutions on marble or limestone because colors may belightened and the surface etched.8.1.2.2 Select a cleaning agent which suits the nature of thestone.9. Honed Dimension Ston
27、e9.1 A honed finish is a satin smooth surface with relativelylittle light reflection.9.1.1 Normal maintenance of a honed finish involves as-needed washing with clean, potable water and neutral (pH7),mildly abrasive cleaners.9.1.2 Surfaces should be first wetted with hot, clean water.Then, using a mi
28、ldly abrasive, alkaline cleaner and a mediumbristle brush, wash in overlapping, swirling strokes. Work fromtop down or follow manufacturers directions if different.9.1.3 Rinse thoroughly then wipe dry with cotton, cottonflannel, or a chamois. Wipe carefully to avoid streaking. Or,allow to air-dry.9.
29、1.4 If further cleaning is needed, make a paste to theconsistency of thick syrup by combining a mildly abrasivealkaline cleaning powder and clean, potable water. Apply thepaste uniformly over the surface with a broad brush and allowto stand until dry. Then, use a medium bristle brush withadditional
30、water and scrub vigorously. (More cleaning powdermay be applied at this point.) Rinse thoroughly and dry asdescribed above. Follow manufacturers directions.9.1.4.1 See 11.1 and 11.2 for poultice information.9.1.5 CAUTION: Do not use bleach, acid, or strong alkalisolutions on marble or limestone beca
31、use colors may belightened and the surface etched.9.1.5.1 Select a cleaning agent which suits the nature of thestone.10. Textured Finish Dimension Stone10.1 Examples of textured finish dimension stone includeThermal Finish Granite, Thermal Finish Limestone, UnfilledTravertine, Rock Face, Split Face,
32、 Natural Cleft Slate andNatural Cleft Quartz-Based (Sandstone) Stone. Abrasive, bush-hammered, and sand-blasted finishes are also included in thiscategory.10.1.1 Regular maintenance becomes difficult if dirt isallowed to accumulate on the uneven surfaces of these stones.If convenient, textured finis
33、hed stone may be vacuumed clean.10.1.2 Normal maintenance of textured finish stones in-volves as-needed washing with clean, potable water andneutral (pH7), mildly abrasive cleaners.10.1.3 Surfaces should first be wetted with hot, (not boiling)clean water. Then, using a mildly abrasive, alkaline clea
34、ner anda medium bristle brush, wash in overlapping, swirling strokes.Work from top to bottom. Rinse thoroughly with clean water.10.1.4 CAUTION: Do not use bleach, acid, or strong alkalisolutions on marble or limestone because colors may belightened and the surface etched.10.1.4.1 Select a cleaning a
35、gent that suits the nature of thestone.11. Stain Removal11.1 General Poultice Method:11.1.1 The General Poultice Method is a special cleaningprocedure for removal of deep-seated, time-set dirt and grime.C 15152The poultice may be applied to honed or textured stone, and isparticularly useful on intri
36、cate carvings, moldings and otherdetailing difficult to scrub. The general poultice is essentially astrong cleaner, applied by way of a holding medium, thatconcentrates its effort over a period of time.11.1.1.1 A poultice applied to polished finish marble willdull the surface, requiring repolishing.
37、11.1.2 The poultice is used primarily to attack and reduceheavy deposits of normal soiling, or to remove stains resultingfrom the action of moisture on normal soiling.11.1.3 For stains resulting from a known origin, see Section12.11.2 Preparation and Application of a Poultice:11.2.1 Mix kaolin or Fu
38、llers earth with either a commonlaundry bleach or a commercial hair-bleaching solution ofhydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to form a paste the consistency ofpeanut butter or cake icing. (For estimating purposes, figure aconsumption rate of one pound of paste per square foot ofsurface.)11.2.2 Moisten the surf
39、ace of the stone with the same liquidused to make the paste, wetting beyond the extent of thestained areas.11.2.3 Apply the poultice paste to the stone with a woodenor plastic spatula, insuring a uniform coat about14-in. thick.Cover the entire area to be cleaned and somewhat beyond toprevent the soi
40、l from being forced into the clean stone. Insurethe poultice is in full contact with the stone with no entrappedair pockets or voids.11.2.4 Tape plastic sheeting over the poulticed area toprevent quick drying-out and to allow it to act for 48 h.11.2.5 After this standing period, dampen the poultice
41、withclean, cool water to prevent undue dust generation. Remove thepoultice with a wood or plastic spatula to avoid scratching.Rinse the cleaned area thoroughly with clean water; blot orwipe off excess water; allow it to dry.11.2.6 When water-spotting has disappeared after completedrying, inspect for
42、 remaining soil. A second poultice applica-tion may be necessary.11.2.7 CAUTION: Do not use a poultice containing addi-tives (such as bleach or solvent) other than water on darkcolored stone.11.2.8 Commercial “Marble Poultice” base powders areavailable. Read the manufacturers directions before appli
43、ca-tion.12. General Stain Removal12.1 A regular normal care and maintenance programshould help prevent staining. But should accident or neglectcontribute to the problem, remedial measures will be com-pletely different from general cleaning and will usually requirepersistence to achieve the desired r
44、esults.12.2 When the source of the stain is not known, the9Poultice Method9 should be tried first. If this remedy is noteffective, follow specific remedies as explained below, attempt-ing each in turn until results are achieved. Please note theCAUTION (11.2.7) against the application of poultice con
45、-taining additives other than water on dark colored stone.12.3 Stains in stone will generally be caused by one of threemajor category sources: organic materials, metallic materials,or oils and greases.12.4 As a general rule, begin maintenance with simplemethods and progress to more aggressive treatm
46、ents as neces-sary.13. Removal of Organic Stains13.1 Most organic (carbon-oxygen based) stains require anoxidizing agent treatment, and will generally respond invarying degrees to hydrogen peroxide or commercial chlorinebleach treatments and poultices. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)ina hair-bleaching solu
47、tion can be used. Chlorine bleaches incommercially available strengths as sold for laundry andhousehold use can be used.13.1.1 CAUTION: Do not combine bleach and ammonia.The combination produces a toxic gas.13.1.2 CAUTION: Do not use a poultice containing bleach,acid, or strong alkali solutions on m
48、arble or limestone becausecolors may be lightened and the surface etched.13.1.3 In the presence of moisture, leaves, bark, bird andanimal droppings, and foods may cause pinkish-brown stains.When the sources are removed, normal sun and rain action willgenerally eliminate the stains. Tobacco stains us
49、ually respondin the same manner.13.1.4 Urine stains on light-colored stone should be at-tacked with a strong chlorine-bleach poultice, or sprinkled witha chlorine-bleaching powdered cleanser, dampened, and leftuntil dry, then washed with clean water. Or, they can be simplyrinsed and allowed to bleach in the sun.13.1.5 Fire and smoke stains, caused by burning wood orpaper, can be removed with the application of a commercialFireplace Cleaner, or by washing the stained surface with asolution of caustic soda (lye: sodium hydroxide) (NaOH).13.1.6 CAUTION: Caustic soda is corrosive. Care
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