1、Designation: C1528/C1528M 17aC1528/C1528M 18Standard Guide forSelection of Dimension Stone1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1528/C1528M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONNatural stone, while being perhaps the oldest building material known to man, can also be one ofthe most difficult of all building m
3、aterials to properly evaluate, select, and specify. Every natural stoneproduct is unique, having its own physical properties and performance capabilities. Responsible stoneselection involves extensive and objective evaluation of both the stone material and the application inwhich it is required to p
4、erform.This guide presents a cursory review of the different stone types commonly used in construction,common applications, available finishes, and factors affecting product costs. It is intended to be usedin combination with good judgment, responsible engineering analysis, local building codes, and
5、 anyother available resources. It is not a “how-to” or a “step-by-step” guide, and has been prepared withthe assumption that the user has some familiarity in the use of natural stone prior to utilizing thisguide.Past performance is the best test of a dimension stones durability. Yet because the phys
6、icalproperties of a natural stone can vary within a single deposit, even stones with a history of satisfactoryperformance may need to be tested to ascertain the quality of the current production stock. Commonphysical property tests include absorption, density, compressive strength, modulus of ruptur
7、e, flexuralstrength, abrasion resistance, and anchor strength.Additional tests may also be required depending onthe material and application.In a high proportion of the cases, failure of a natural stone in service is a result of improperapplication, rather than the inherent properties of the stone.
8、Placing stones in unsuitable environments,faulty fabrication, installation, or construction practices, and incompatible associated materials arefrequent causes of stone system failures (for example, high-porosity stones in subgrade applications,inadequate anchorage or expansion space, mortars leachi
9、ng alkalis, inappropriate strength mortars,staining grouts, voids in setting beds, and pavement stones with inadequate resistance to abrasion).In selection of natural dimension stone products, the application as well as the aesthetic appeal mustbe considered. While aesthetics are important to the de
10、sign, the selection of the proper stone material,thickness, anchorage, and related components is necessary to ensure meeting the performance anddurability requirements of the design.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, specifiers, contractors, and material supplier
11、s who design, select,specify, install, purchase, fabricate, or supply natural stone products for construction applications.1.2 Consensus StandardThis guide is an industry consensus standard drafted in a cooperative effort among engineers,architects, geologists, producers, and installers of natural s
12、tone.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conforman
13、ce with the standard.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.08 on Selection of DimensionStone.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017March 15, 2018. Published November 2017April 2018. Originally approved in 2
14、002. Last previous edition approved in 2017 asC152817.17a. DOI: 10.1520/C1528_C1528M-17A.10.1520/C1528_C1528M-18.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not
15、be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dri
16、ve, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendatio
17、ns issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C97 Test Methods for Absorption and Bulk Specific Gravity of Dimension StoneC99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension StoneC119 Terminology Relating to Dimension
18、StoneC120 Test Methods of Flexure Testing of Slate (Breaking Load, Modulus of Rupture, Modulus of Elasticity)C121/C121M Test Method for Water Absorption of SlateC170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Dimension StoneC217 Test Method for Weather Resistance of SlateC241 Test Method for Abrasion R
19、esistance of Stone Subjected to Foot TrafficC295 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for ConcreteC406 Specification for Roofing SlateC503 Specification for Marble Dimension StoneC568 Specification for Limestone Dimension StoneC615 Specification for Granite Dimension StoneC616 Specificat
20、ion for Quartz-Based Dimension StoneC629 Specification for Slate Dimension StoneC880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension StoneC856 Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened ConcreteC1201 Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Dimension Stone Cladding Systems by Uniform
21、 Static Air PressureDifferenceC1242 Guide for Selection, Design, and Installation of Dimension Stone Attachment SystemsC1352 Test Method for Flexural Modulus of Elasticity of Dimension StoneC1353 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Dimension Stone Subjected to Foot Traffic Using a Rotary Platform
22、 AbraserC1354 Test Method for Strength of Individual Stone Anchorages in Dimension StoneC1526 Specification for Serpentine Dimension StoneC1527 Specification for Travertine Dimension StoneC1721 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Dimension StoneD2203 Test Method for Staining from Sealants2.2 Provi
23、sions of dimension stone handbooks, manuals, and specifications should be reviewed for compatibility with theprinciples outlined in this guide.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology C119.4. Significance and Use4.1 Related ComponentsNatural ston
24、e is only one component of a buildings construction. All related materials andassemblies need to be evaluated to ensure compatible interactive behavior with the stone product.4.2 Applicable CodesEvery stone application shall comply with applicable building codes.EXTERIOR APPLICATIONS OF DIMENSION ST
25、ONE5. Introduction5.1 Natural stones have long been used and admired for their beauty and permanence.As a natural material, each piece of stonehas features and physical characteristics that make it unique. The rich variation in color and texture, as well as its ability to agegracefully in the exteri
26、or environment, have made stone one of the most popular materials for construction, sculpture, andmonuments.5.2 Varieties of stone possess certain properties making it suitable for a specific application. Stone geology (mineral content andstructure), compressive strength, flexural strength, resistan
27、ce to absorption and erosion, as well as its ability to be worked, varywidely by stone type. These are all key characteristics that dictate the best use of the material and must be considered during theprocess of stone selection.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or
28、 contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.C1528/C1528M 1826. Exterior Applications6.1 There are several major categories of exterior applications for stone; each of these is
29、introduced below.7. Load-Bearing Masonry7.1 Load-bearing masonry is perhaps the oldest form of stone construction. Its defining feature is the transferring of structuralload vertically by relying on the compressive strength of the stone to support itself and other imposed loads. Due to the weightof
30、the stone itself, structures built in this manner tend to be of limited height. As the height of the structure increases, the wallthickness at the structures base must increase, thus requiring large individual stones, or multiple wythes of stone. The costs of suchwalls are typically higher than othe
31、r systems, due to the large amount of stone and labor involved.8. Cladding8.1 In response to the limitations and expense of load-bearing masonry, stone cladding systems were developed. Claddingsystems can offer the appearance of load-bearing masonry but without the mass and expense. Cladding systems
32、 also offer a widevariety of applications, allowing greater architectural innovation.8.2 When stone is used as cladding, it is exposed to unique loading characteristics that can require complex structural analysisand detailing in order to be used successfully. Materials other than stone are also oft
33、en integrated into cladding systems, requiringconsideration of their material properties as well as compatibility with the stone components.9. Building Trim9.1 Stone has been and continues to be used in architecture to accent other building materials, or to perform a specific purpose.Stone is often
34、integrated into wall systems as decorative belt courses, window sills, lintels, arches, or water tables. Stone can addan element of interest to buildings, in addition to performing as a durable wall component with a specific and well-defined purpose.10. Pavements10.1 From cobblestone streets to mode
35、rn plazas, stone is used to carry vehicle and pedestrian traffic. Modern systems includethose bearing on pedestals and traditional sand or cement-based setting bed systems.10.2 Materials used for steps must have a high resistance to abrasion and provide a surface with adequate slip resistance forpub
36、lic safety. Many varieties of dimension stones, with appropriate finish, will satisfy both of these requirements.11. Steps11.1 Materials used for steps must have a high resistance to abrasion and provide a surface with adequate slip resistance forpublic safety. Many varieties of dimension stones, wi
37、th appropriate finish, will satisfy both of these requirements.11.2 Steps are manufactured from dimension stones as “cubic,” in which the tread and riser faces are of one piece of stone, andalso “veneered” in which multiple pieces of thin stone material are placed over a concrete or steel frame to f
38、orm the tread and risersurfaces.12. Coping12.1 Wall systems that are fully exposed to the environment, such as roof parapet walls, balcony and terrace enclosure walls,and planter walls, are particularly susceptible to water penetration. Stone coping and wall caps are often used to help protect theun
39、derlying wall system from excessive moisture penetration and associated distress.12.2 Copings and wall caps can also add a visual accent to the wall system, improving the appearance of the wall system bydefining changes in the wall configuration.12.3 Stone copings and wall caps are typically jointed
40、, therefore, protection of the wall system is also reliant on proper treatmentof the joints.13. Roofing13.1 Roofing applications for natural stone are typically limited to slate, a variety of stone that can be quarried and fabricatedinto thin, shingle-shaped elements. Dense, nonporous stones can pro
41、vide a durable, water-resistant roof system that effectivelyutilizes the unique physical characteristics of the material.14. Ornamental, Sculpture, and Monumental Elements14.1 Many varieties of stone possess characteristics that make them a desirable material for sculpting and carving. Most stonevar
42、ieties can be worked by hand or power tools into unique shapes and representations, including engravings and reliefs. Properlyselected stones can demonstrate resistance to environmental effects, thereby providing a sense of permanence to monuments anddecorative sculpted items.C1528/C1528M 183INTERIO
43、R APPLICATIONS OF DIMENSION STONE15. Interior Applications15.1 Stone is often used at the interior of buildings due to its exceptional durability, beauty, and classical appearance. Due tothe lack of environmental exposure, these applications are usually more forgiving of the material and allow for a
44、 broader rangeof stone varieties to be used. The major categories of interior use are discussed briefly below.16. Flooring16.1 Stone floors are typically highly durable, low maintenance, and aesthetically pleasing. When using stone as flooring, onemust make sure that the finish is appropriate for it
45、s intended use; stone used for flooring should be abrasion resistant and have afinish that is not slippery to foot traffic when wet.16.2 Joint conditions in floor installations are also critical; while interior flooring is not subject to the same temperaturefluctuations as exterior installations, th
46、e joint system should include expansion joints that will accommodate cyclic variations inthe stone dimensions over time, particularly if there is a substantial heat load from sunlight exposure or below floor-heatingelements.16.3 Stone flooring and the joint materials should also be relatively imperv
47、ious to moisture; it is not unusual for interior floorsto be cleaned with water and detergents on a daily basis. Excessive moisture in the flooring system can lead to discoloration ofthe joint materials and the stone, particularly if the stone flooring material is absorptive. Moisture can become tra
48、pped below highlypolished finishes and appear as a stain. Some stone types used as flooring may need to be treated at the edges and bottom surfaceas well as the top surface to limit absorption-related concerns. However, component compatibility should be researched or testedprior to treating these su
49、rfaces to inhibit bond performance between the stone, adhesive, and grout. Only cleaning procedures andproducts (including waxes and cleaning agents) that are approved for use by the stone supplier should be used. Unapprovedmethods may stain or damage the stone or damage the stone finish.17. Stairs17.1 The use of stone for stair treads and risers leads to an attractive, durable, and low maintenance way to address interiorelevation changes. Stone selected for stairs should be able to withstand constant foot traffic with minimal surface abrasion, erosionor damage. It should
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