1、Designation: C 1528 02Standard Guide forSelection of Dimension Stone for Exterior Use1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1528; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONNatural stone, while being perhaps the oldest building material known to man, can also be one ofthe most difficult of all building materials t
3、o properly evaluate, select, and specify. Every natural stoneproduct is unique, having its own physical properties and performance capabilities. Responsible stoneselection involves extensive and objective evaluation of both the stone material and the application inwhich it is required to perform.Thi
4、s guide presents a cursory review of the different stone types commonly used in construction,common applications, available finishes, and factors affecting product costs. It is intended to be usedin combination with good judgment, responsible engineering analysis, local building codes, and anyother
5、available resources. It is not a “how-to” or a “step-by-step” guide, and has been prepared withthe assumption that the user has some familiarity in the use of natural stone prior to utilizing thisguide.Past performance is the best test of a dimension stones durability. Yet because the physicalproper
6、ties of a natural stone can vary within a single deposit, even stones with a history of satisfactoryperformance may need to be tested to ascertain the quality of the current production stock. Commonphysical property tests include absorption, density, compressive strength, modulus of rupture, flexura
7、lstrength, abrasion resistance, and anchor strength. Additional tests may also be required depending onthe material and application.In a high proportion of the cases, failure of a natural stone in service is a result of improperapplication, rather than the inherent properties of the stone. Placing s
8、tones in unsuitable environments,faulty fabrication, installation, or construction practices, and incompatible associated materials arefrequent causes of stone system failures (for example, high-porosity stones in subgrade applications,inadequate anchorage or expansion space, mortars leaching alkali
9、s, inappropriate strength mortars,staining grouts, voids in setting beds, and pavement stones with inadequate resistance to abrasion).In selection of natural dimension stone products, the application as well as the aesthetic appeal mustbe considered. While aesthetics are important to the design, the
10、 selection of the proper stone material,thickness, anchorage, and related components is necessary to ensure meeting the performance anddurability requirements of the design.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engi-neers, specifiers, contractors, and material suppliers who de
11、-sign, select, specify, install, purchase, fabricate, or supplynatural stone products for construction applications.1.2 Consensus StandardThis guide is an industry consen-sus standard drafted in a cooperative effort among engineers,architects, geologists, producers, and installers of natural stone.2
12、. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 97 Test Methods for Absorption and Bulk Specific Grav-ity of Dimension Stone2C 99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of DimensionStone2C 119 Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone2C 120 Test Methods for Flexure Testing of Slate (Modulusof Rupture, Modulus
13、of Elasticity)2C 121 Test Method for Water Absorption of Slate2C 170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of DimensionStone21This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on DimensionStone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.08 on Selection ofExterior Dimension Stone.Cu
14、rrent edition approved June 10, 2002. Published August 2002.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.C 217 Test Method for Weather Resistance of Slate2C 241 Test Method for Abrasion Re
15、sistance of Stone Sub-jected to Foot Traffic2C 295 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregatesfor Concrete3C 406 Specification for Roofing Slate2C 503 Specification for Marble Dimension Stone2C 568 Specification for Limestone Dimension Stone2C 615 Specification for Granite Dimension Stone2C 616
16、 Specification for Quartz-Based Dimension Stone2C 629 Specification for Slate Dimension Stone2C 880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of DimensionStone2C 1028 Test Method for Determining the Static Coefficientof Friction of Ceramic Tile and Other Like Surfaces by theHorizontal Dynamometer Pull-Meter
17、 Method4C 1201 Test Method for Structural Performance of ExteriorDimension Stone Cladding Systems by Uniform Static AirPressure Difference2C 1242 Guide for Design, Selection, and Installation ofExterior Dimension Stone Anchors and Anchoring Sys-tems2C 1352 Test Method for Flexural Modulus of Elastic
18、ity ofDimension Stone2C 1353 Test Method for Using the Taber Abraser for Abra-sion Resistance of Dimension Stone Subjected to FootTraffic2C 1354 Test Method for Strength of Individual Stone An-chorages in Dimension Stone22.2 Provisions of dimension stone handbooks, manuals, andspecifications should
19、be reviewed for compatibility with theprinciples outlined in this guide.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide,refer to Terminology C 119.4. Significance and Use4.1 Related ComponentsNatural stone is only one com-ponent of a buildings construction. All related mater
20、ials andassemblies need to be evaluated to ensure compatible interac-tive behavior with the stone product.4.2 Applicable CodesEvery stone application shall com-ply with applicable building codes.EXTERIOR APPLICATIONS OF DIMENSIONSTONES5. Introduction5.1 Natural stones have long been used and admired
21、 fortheir beauty and permanence. As a natural material, each pieceof stone has features and physical characteristics that make itunique. The rich variation in color and texture, as well as itsability to age gracefully in the exterior environment, has madestone one of the most popular materials for c
22、onstruction,sculpture, and monuments.5.2 Varieties of stone possess certain properties making itsuitable for a specific application. Stone geology (mineralcontent and structure), compressive strength, flexural strength,resistance to absorption and erosion, as well as its ability to beworked, vary wi
23、dely by stone type. These are all key charac-teristics that dictate the best use of the material and must beconsidered during the process of stone selection.6. Exterior Applications6.1 This guide is limited to the discussion of exteriorapplications of stone. Of these, there are several major catego-
24、ries, which are introduced briefly as follows:7. Load-Bearing Masonry7.1 Load-bearing masonry is perhaps the oldest form ofstone construction. Its defining feature is the transferring ofstructural load vertically by relying on the compressivestrength of the stone to support itself and other imposed
25、loads.Due to the weight of the stone itself, structures built in thismanner tend to be of limited height. As the height of thestructure increases, the wall thickness at the structures basemust increase, thus requiring large individual stones, or mul-tiple wythes of stone. The costs of such walls are
26、 typicallyhigher than other systems, due to the large amount of stone andlabor involved.8. Cladding8.1 In response to the limitations and expense of load-bearing masonry, stone cladding systems were developed.Cladding systems can offer the appearance of load-bearingmasonry but without the mass and e
27、xpense. Cladding systemsalso offer a wide variety of applications, allowing greaterarchitectural innovation.8.2 When stone is used as cladding, it is exposed to uniqueloading characteristics that can require complex structuralanalysis and detailing in order to be used successfully. Mate-rials other
28、than stone are also often integrated into claddingsystems, requiring consideration of their material properties aswell as compatibility with the stone components.9. Building Trim9.1 Stone has been and continues to be used in architectureto accent other building materials, or to perform a specificpur
29、pose. Stone is often integrated into wall systems as deco-rative belt courses, window sills, lintels, arches, or watertables. Stone can add an element of interest to buildings, inaddition to performing as a durable wall component with aspecific and well-defined purpose.10. Pavements10.1 From cobbles
30、tone streets to modern plazas, stone isused to carry vehicle and pedestrian traffic. Modern systemsinclude those bearing on pedestals and traditional sand orcement-based setting bed systems.10.2 Materials used for steps must have a high resistance toabrasion and provide a surface with adequate slip
31、resistance forpublic safety. Many varieties of dimension stones, with appro-priate finish, will satisfy both of these requirements.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02.C152802211. Steps11.1 Materials used for steps must have a high resistance toabrasion
32、 and provide a surface with adequate slip resistance forpublic safety. Many varieties of dimension stones, with appro-priate finish, will satisfy both of these requirements.11.2 Steps are manufactured from dimension stones as“cubic,” in which the tread and riser faces are of one piece ofstone, and a
33、lso “veneered” in which multiple pieces of thinstone material are placed over a concrete or steel frame to formthe tread and riser surfaces.12. Coping12.1 Wall systems that are fully exposed to the environment,such as roof parapet walls, balcony and terrace enclosure walls,and planter walls, are par
34、ticularly susceptible to water penetra-tion. Stone coping and wall caps are often used to help protectthe underlying wall system from excessive moisture penetra-tion and associated distress.12.2 Copings and wall caps can also add a visual accent tothe wall system, improving the appearance of the wal
35、l systemby defining changes in the wall configuration.12.3 Stone copings and wall caps are typically jointed,therefore, protection of the wall system is also reliant on propertreatment of the joints.13. Roofing13.1 Roofing applications for natural stone are typicallylimited to slate, a variety of st
36、one that can be quarried andfabricated into thin, shingle-shaped elements. Dense, nonpo-rous stones can provide a durable, water-resistant roof systemthat effectively utilizes the unique physical characteristics ofthe material.14. Ornamental, Sculpture, and Monumental Elements14.1 Many varieties of
37、stone possess characteristics thatmake them a desirable material for sculpting and carving. Moststone varieties can be worked by hand or power tools intounique shapes and representations, including engravings andreliefs. Properly selected stones can demonstrate resistance toenvironmental effects, th
38、ereby providing a sense of perma-nence to monuments and decorative sculpted items.COMMON DIMENSION STONE TYPESGRANITE15. Mineralogy, Appearance, and Texture15.1 The term “granite” has both geological and commer-cial definitions. There are many rock types that are notclassified as granites by true ge
39、ological definition, yet they areincluded in the commercial classification of granite becausethey exhibit similar performance and behavioral characteristicsas true granites. For the purpose of this guide, “granite” is usedin its commercial sense. This includes any visibly granular,igneous rock consi
40、sting mostly of feldspars and quartz accom-panied by one or more dark minerals.15.2 Typically, feldspar is the most abundant mineral foundin granites, and because of this, the color of the granite islargely governed by the color of this mineral. The color can bemodified by the quartz, hornblende, mi
41、ca or any other mineralpresent in significant quantity. Dark granular igneous rocks,classified petrographically as anorthosite, basalt, diabase, dior-ite, or gabbro, are often referred to as “black granites.” Usingthe rather broad commercial definition of granite, granites areavailable in a wide arr
42、ay of colors including pink, gray, white,red, black, brown, buff, green, and blue.15.3 The majority of granites found in the industry aregranular or crystalline in appearance, with the grain sizevarying anywhere between 2 or 3 mm up to 25 mm or larger.Some of the materials included in this definitio
43、n will show alayered or plate-like structure due to recrystallization, folding,or other changes while the rock was in a plastic or semi-moltenstate. Such metamorphic rocks are called granite gneisses.15.4 A granite with uniform distribution of the minerals isdesirable for the supply of a large appli
44、cation with minimalcolor variation. Many commercial deposits exhibit remarkablehomogeneity across vertical and lateral distances, while otherdeposits will display considerable variation between adjacentblocks or even within one block.15.5 Many granites are “anisotropic,” or “directionally spe-cific”
45、 in either appearance or performance, and as such, dictateattention to the direction that they are quarried and sawn toachieve the desired visual and performance requirements.Other granites are nearly “isotropic,” with similar appearanceand performance characteristics regardless of the direction the
46、material is cut.16. Suitability for Use16.1 Granite materials have one of the widest ranges ofapplications of any natural stone type. Architectural use ofgranite includes exterior and interior cladding, exterior andinterior paving, furniture tops, and landscape applications suchas curbs, retaining w
47、alls, or copings. Granite is frequently usedin monument or memorial applications where permanence andweather resistance are primary considerations. The chemicalresistance and dimensional stability of granite allow limitedindustrial applications such as pickling tanks, surface plates,precision machin
48、e bases, and paper machine press-rolls.16.2 The particular finish specified for the granite may havea greater bearing on its suitability for use than the granite itself.Polished and honed finishes are popular for vertical surfacesbecause of their refined appearance and low maintenancerequirements. T
49、hese finishes are not recommended for walkingsurfaces as they have relatively poor slip resistance. Texturedsurfaces such as thermal, tooled, or sanded are commonly usedin pedestrian traffic areas due to their favorable frictionalproperties.16.3 Physical StrengthPhysical strength properties ofgranite are determined by laboratory testing in accordance withASTM standard test procedures for each physical property tobe evaluated. Minimum or maximum values for each physicalproperty, to aid in determination of a specific granites suit-ability for exterior exposure, are in accordance w
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