1、Designation: C 1543 02Standard Test Method forDetermining the Penetration of Chloride Ion into Concreteby Ponding1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1543; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method determines the penetration of chlorideion into concrete from a sodium-chloride solution pond. Thi
3、smethod is applicable to all types of concrete, as well as toconcretes treated with systems such as sealants, penetratingsealers, or thin-bonded overlays.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, a
4、ssociated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and ConcreteAggr
5、egates2C 192/C 192M Practice for Making and Curing ConcreteTest Specimens in the Laboratory2C 672/C 672M Test Method for Scaling Resistance of Con-crete Surfaces Exposed to Deicing Chemicals2C 1152/C 1152M Test Method for Acid-Soluble Chloride inMortar and Concrete2C 1202 Test Method for Electrical
6、Indication of ConcretesAbility to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration22.2 AASHTO Standard:T 259 Method of Test for Resistance of Concrete to Chlo-ride Ion Penetration3. Terminology3.1 Terms used in this standard are defined in TerminologyC 125.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A sodium-chloride solution is p
7、onded on the surface ofconcrete specimens. Samples from specified depths are peri-odically extracted and chemically analyzed to determine thechloride content of the concrete at those depths. The curing andmoisture conditioning to which a specimen is subjected prior toponding affects the mechanisms i
8、nvolved in chloride-ionpenetration. These factors must be considered carefully ininterpreting the results. Information on the mechanisms ofchloride penetration into concrete is given in the appendix.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is suitable for evaluation of materialsand material propo
9、rtions for construction purposes as well asfor research and development.5.2 This test method can be used to establish the correlationbetween indirect measures of the chloride-ion penetration ofconcrete (see Test Method C 1202) and the actual chloride-ionpenetration under controlled conditions.5.3 Th
10、is test method is not intended to provide a measure ofthe length of service that may be expected from use of aspecific concrete mixture or sealing material.6. Apparatus6.1 Glass Plates or Polyethylene Sheets, of sufficient size tocover the ponded surface of the specimen.6.2 Molds, of the proper size
11、 for the test specimens to beused, and conforming to the applicable requirements of Prac-tice C 192/C 192M.7. Reagents7.1 Ponding Solution3 % reagent grade sodium chloride(NaCl) by mass in distilled water (see Note 1).NOTE 1Other chloride-bearing solutions or different sodium-chlorideconcentrations
12、may be used when there is a need to evaluate their specificeffects. The concentration of the solution can be checked using ahydrometer calibrated to indicate the mass fraction of sodium chloride.8. Specimens8.1 Use as ponding specimens in this test method slabshaving a surface area of at least 0.030
13、 m2and a thickness of 906 15 mm. At least two replicate specimens shall be made foreach combination of variables to be tested.8.2 Fabricate and cure molded ponding specimens in accor-dance with applicable sections of Test Method C 672/C 672M,unless otherwise specified.1This test method is under the
14、jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.66 on Concretes Resistance to Fluid Penetration.Current edition approved Aug. 10, 2002. Published October 2002.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.1Copyright ASTM Internati
15、onal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.8.3 Obtain a sample of concrete for use in determining thebackground chloride content. Cast a 100 by 200-mm cylinderfrom the concrete mixture for this purpose when fabricatingponding specimens.8.4 Provide a dik
16、e approximately 20 mm high along theperimeter of the top surface of the specimen to retain theponding solution. The dike shall be made of a material thatadheres to the specimen or be integrally cast as a part of thespecimen. It shall serve to keep the top of the specimencovered completely by ponding
17、 solution throughout the periodof the ponding (see Note 2).NOTE 2Closed-cell polystyrene foam 12 to 25 mm thick and acrylicstrips 6 mm thick, bonded to the specimen with an adhesive caulkingcompound or silicone sealant, have been used successfully.8.5 Coat the sides of the specimens with a suitable
18、material(see Note 3) to prevent lateral moisture migration. Do not coatthe bottom of the specimen. Allow the coating to cureaccording to the manufacturers instructions.NOTE 3A rapid setting epoxy sufficiently viscous to adhere to verticalsurfaces without excessive running has been used successfully
19、for thispurpose.9. Procedure9.1 Following completion of curing, cover the surface of thespecimen with the ponding solution to a depth of 15 6 5 mm.9.2 Place a glass plate or polyethylene sheet over theponded specimen to retard evaporation of water from thesolution.9.3 Store the ponded specimens at 2
20、3.0 6 2C and 50 65 % relative humidity. Provide for air circulation around sidesand bottom of specimens.9.4 Periodically monitor the depth of solution on the surfaceof the specimen and maintain at the specified depth by addingadditional fresh solution. At 2-month intervals during theponding, remove
21、the solution and replace with fresh solution.9.5 Select the duration of the ponding period and thesampling intervals to be appropriate for the purposes for whichthe tests are being made (see Note 4).NOTE 4It is recommended that the initial sampling be performed after3 months ponding. Subsequent samp
22、ling can be performed after 6 and 12months of ponding and at 12-month intervals thereafter.9.6 Sampling:9.6.1 Prior to sampling, remove the ponded solution andallow the specimen surface to dry. After drying is completed,remove the salt crystals from the surface by brushing with awire brush.9.6.2 Sam
23、ple the specimen by coring. The diameter of thecore shall be at least three times the nominal maximumaggregate size.9.6.3 Alternatively, obtain powdered sample by rotary-impact hammer as described in Test Method C 1152/C 1152M.9.6.4 Space the sampling point at least 25 mm away fromthe inside edge of
24、 the dike or the edge of any previoussampling point. Samples shall be obtained from at least thefollowing depths to provide a profile of the chloride penetra-tion:Sampling Intervals, mm10202535405055659.6.5 If the purposes of the test require a precise profiling ofthe chloride penetration, the sampl
25、ing shall be accomplishedby removing a core from the specimen. The core shall beprofiled by precision milling to obtain powdered concrete fromhorizons of the desired depth and thickness (see Note 5).NOTE 5Chloride penetration profiling on 1-mm thick horizons hasbeen accomplished using this technique
26、. An equation can then be fitted tothe profile to calculate an effective diffusion coefficient using FicksSecond Law.3If a diffusion coefficient is to be calculated, at least 6 testpoints should be obtained.9.6.6 If the specimen is to be re-ponded after sampling,patch the hole with a suitable low-pe
27、rmeability repair material(see Note 6). The location of the sampling point shall be clearlyidentifiable so it can be avoided during subsequent sampling.NOTE 6Epoxy mortar has been used successfully for this purpose.9.7 Determine the chloride content of the sample from eachdepth of the ponded specime
28、ns and the background sample inaccordance with Test Method C 1152/C 1152M. The back-ground chloride content is subtracted from the value obtainedfor each depth of the ponded specimen to determine thepenetrated chloride value.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Type and source of h
29、ydraulic cements,10.1.2 Type and source of other cementitious materials,10.1.3 Type and source of coarse and fine aggregates,10.1.4 Type and source of chemical admixtures,10.1.5 Concrete mixture proportions,10.1.6 Type and manufacturer of any treatment system used,10.1.7 Curing conditions and durati
30、on and other specialspecimen preparation procedures that were performed,10.1.8 The moisture conditioning the specimen was sub-jected to prior to ponding,10.1.9 The type and concentration of the ponding solution,if different from that specified in 7.1,10.1.10 The chloride content of the specimen as a
31、 functionof depth and the duration of ponding for each sample tested,and10.1.11 The background chloride content of the concrete.11. Precision and Bias11.1 PrecisionThe precision of this test method has notbeen determined, but the subcommittee is planning to deter-mine the precision in the future.11.
32、2 BiasNo information can be presented on the bias ofthe procedures in this test method because no material havingan accepted reference value is available.3Hearn, N., Hooton, R. D., and Mills, R. H., “Pore Structure and Permeability,”STP 169C, Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Conc
33、rete MakingMaterials, P. Klieger and J. F. Lamond, Eds., American Society for Testing andMaterials, Philadelphia, PA, 1994, pp. 240262.C154302212. Keywords12.1 chloride; chloride content; concrete; penetration; per-meabilityAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. MASS TRANSFER IN CONCRETEX1.1 This tes
34、t measures the chloride-ion content at selecteddepths within a concrete specimen on which a sodium-chloridesolution has been maintained over an extended period of time.Differences in the chloride-ion content with depth and overtime indicate the movement of chloride ions from the solutionponded on th
35、e concrete surface into the specimen being tested.Several different mechanisms are involved to greater or lesserdegrees in this transport, depending on the pore structure,moisture condition, and surface treatment of the specimen.X1.1.1 Permeability is the characteristic that describes theease with w
36、hich a fluid moves through concrete.4The primarycontrolling parameter in concrete permeability is the poresystem of the paste fraction of the concrete, including thepaste-aggregate interface.3The connectivity of the pore systemdepends on the amount of original mixing-water-filled spaceand the degree
37、 to which it has been filled with hydrationproducts. Capillary pores are those voids remaining that wereoriginally filled with mixing water; that is, pores with diam-eters in the range of 3.2 to 3,000 nm.5These capillary poreswill cease to be connected at different times in the age of theconcrete as
38、 a function of w/c and curing conditions.6If storedmoist, these times are approximately:w/c 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7Time 3 d 14 d 6 m 1 y neverX1.1.2 Concretes containing a pozzolan or ground granu-lated blast-furnace slag show a continued decrease of pore sizeand continuity over a longer period of time
39、than do portland-cement concretes not containing pozzzolans or slag.X1.1.3 Fluid movement in the capillary-pore system de-pends on the moisture condition of the pore system. When theconcrete is at or near saturation, movement is due to laminarflow. The rate of flow depends on the pressure head causi
40、ng theflow (in this case, gravity) and the tortuosity of the intercon-nected pore space. As the partial vapor pressure (relativehumidity) falls below 1 to a value of about 0.45, vapordiffusion and capillary tension (absorption and wicking) domi-nate moisture movement. At partial vapor pressures belo
41、w0.45, movement is controlled by adsorption and surface diffu-sion.3X1.1.4 In conditions of incomplete saturation where part ofthe capillary system is exposed to the atmosphere and the otherto water, capillary tension is most important in the movementof water from the saturated zone into the unsatur
42、ated zone. Inthis test method, capillary tension plays an important role ininitial chloride penetration if the specimen is subjected todrying prior to ponding. However, even if the specimen issaturated when subjected to ponding, exposure of the non-ponded bottom surface to the atmosphere will result
43、 in drying.As a consequence, moisture from the interior will be drawn bycapillary tension toward the bottom surface, increasing theflow from the sodium-chloride solution pond.X1.1.5 Ionic diffusion is the movement of ions through asolution. In this test method, the driving mechanism forchloride-ion
44、diffusion is the concentration gradient between thesodium-chloride solution pond and the interior of the concrete.Most concrete structures have sufficient moisture in the poresystem to allow for the diffusion of dissolved ions even thoughthe internal relative humidity is less than 100 %.ASTM Interna
45、tional takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely th
46、eir own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should
47、 be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standa
48、rds, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-83
49、2-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).4Young, J. F., “A Review of the Pore Structure of Cement Paste and Concreteand its Influence on Permeability,” SP-108, Proceedings, Permeability of Concrete,D. Whiting, Ed., American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI, 1988, pp. 118.5Philleo, R. E., “Freezing and Thawing Resistance of High-Strength Concrete,”NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Practice 129, Transportation Research Board, 1986,p. 31.6Powers, T. C., Copeland, L. E., and Mann, H. M., “Capillary Continuity orDis
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