1、Designation: C 1565 04Standard Test Method forDetermination of Pack-Set Index of Portland Cement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1565; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pack-set index, which provides an indication of the mechanical forceneeded to over
3、come the consolidation of portland cement.1.2 The pack-set index number provides a numerical valueuseful for manufacturers who desire to measure and control theeffect that vibration-induced consolidation has upon the manu-factured cement.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thesta
4、ndard. Values stated in Inch-Pound units are for informa-tional purposes only and are enclosed in parentheses. Valuesstated in SI units shall be obtained by measurement in SI unitsor by appropriate conversion, using the rules of Conversionand rounding given in Standard IEEE/ASTM SI 10, of mea-sureme
5、nts made in other units.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prio
6、r to use. (WARNINGFresh hydraulic-cementitious mixtures are caustic and maycause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolongedexposure.)22. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C 1005 Specification for Reference Masses and Devices forDetermining Mass and Volume for Use in the PhysicalTesting o
7、f Hydraulic CementsIEEE/ASTM SI 10 International System of Units (SI) TheModernized Metric System3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 maximum voltage, nas pertaining to this methodonly, the energy in volts applied to consolidate the sample,which results in the maxim
8、um pack-set index for a particularcement and the apparatus used for the measurement.3.1.2 pack set, na condition of hydraulic cement, exhib-ited in varying degrees, following silo storage or transport inbulk railcars or trucks, that causes the cement to resist flowinguntil considerable mechanical ef
9、fort has been applied.3.1.3 pack-set index, nthe numerical indication of thedegree of pack set a particular cement exhibits when subjectedto the procedures of this test method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Portland cement is placed into a flask and then consoli-dated on a vibrating table by a vibrati
10、on force controlled bytime and energy (volts). The consolidated bed is measured forrelative strength by turning the flask to a horizontal positionand rotating in 180 increments until the bed collapses from thebottom of the flask. The number of half turns is a relativeindication of the force required
11、 to overcome the consolidationand is designated the pack-set index, or P.S.I.5. Significance and Use5.1 This method is intended to help manufacturers deter-mine the relative pack-set tendency of their cement(s). The testestablishes a pack-set index which, when properly correlatedwith field performan
12、ce, is useful in predicting or preventingfield unloading difficulties.5.2 The test is an aid to routine control during cementproduction and is not suitable for specification purposes.5.3 In general, field performance of cement flowability issatisfactory when the pack-set index as determined on fresh
13、lyground cement averages 0 to 15 and is unsatisfactory when theindex exceeds 25. Any prediction of field performance ofcement flowability measuring 16 to 25 is tenable. These aregeneral ranges and the field performance of individual cementsmay not necessarily fall within these ranges. Additional con
14、-ditions, after the cement has left the control of the manufac-turing facility, can affect the apparent pack set index as well.5.4 Any attempt to apply the critical range of pack-set indexnumbers based on freshly ground cement to job cement withoutspecial treatment of the sample would be problematic
15、. The testis a “GO-NO GO” type of test and should not be used forspecification purposes.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C01 on Cementand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.20 on Additions.Current edition approved August 1, 2004. Published September 2004. O
16、riginallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C 1565 03.2Section on Safety, Manual of Cement Testing, Annual Book of ASTMStandards, Vol 04.01.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Bo
17、ok of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.5 The pack-set index of field cement can be evaluated interms of the pack-set i
18、ndex ranges of that cement as determinedwhen freshly-ground. This comparison can aid the manufac-turer in producing cement that offers the best field performancefor pack-set properties.5.6 Silo storage of cement may result in a greater amount ofconsolidation than this method is designed to induce, a
19、nd theresulting forces required to overcome that consolidation are notmeasured by this test method.5.7 Pack set is not to be confused with “warehouse set”which results from surface hydration of the cement fromadsorbed moisture.6. Interferences6.1 Results obtained from the pack-set test are dependent
20、 onsample exposure (See Note 1).NOTE 1Fresh cement has a greater pack-set tendency. Cement storedin silos for only a day or two will test similar to fresh cement. Cementstored in full silos, where aeration is negligible, may develop lowerpack-set indices upon further aging, Even samples in sealed co
21、ntainersmay vary.6.2 Pack-set index determination can be affected by sampletemperature (See Note 2).NOTE 2Cement with a temperature noticeably hotter than roomtemperature may produce a different pack-set index number than that samecement cooled to room temperature. Cooling of hot cement samples must
22、be accomplished with minimum aeration to avoid moisture and CO2adsorption.6.3 The testing room humidity can significantly influencethe determined pack-set index.6.4 Keep the apparatus level during the testing procedure.6.5 The vibration energy transferred to the sample is af-fected by the support gi
23、ven the apparatus (See Note 3). Thedetermination of pack-set index for unknown samples shall beaccomplished on the same physical support that the maximumvoltage for the test was determined on.NOTE 3Apparatus which is not setting firmly on the counter or tablemay not deliver repeatable results.6.6 Vi
24、bration energy delivered by the table is related to theproper handling and adjustment of the table. See Section 7 fordetails.6.7 Vibration energy delivered by the table is related to thefrequency of the source voltage. This variation, if present, willresult in a poor repeatability and require more f
25、requentdetermination of the maximum voltage.7. Apparatus7.1 Erlenmeyer Flask, 250 mL capacity, regular wall thick-ness, fitted with a number 14 (large diameter 32 mm and smalldiameter 25 mm) cork stopper. Flasks are not interchangeable.Each flask and cork combination must have the maximumvoltage det
26、ermined prior to use in the test method (See Note 4).7.2 Reference Masses and Devices for Determining Massshall conform to the requirements of Specification C 1005 asappropriate for the size of the sample, the mass of which is tobe determined, with a sensitivity of no less than 0.1 g and areadabilit
27、y of 0.1 g or less.NOTE 4There are enough differences between Erlenmeyer flasks ofthe same rated capacity to cause significant difference in the pack-setindex. It is recommended that several flasks which deliver similar pack-setindex numbers for the same cement be kept as spares.7.3 Vibrating Table,
28、 (see Fig. 1), capable of generatingelectromagnetic vibrations at the frequency of 60 Hz, having awooden top with dowel pins installed equidistant from eachother on the circumference of the circle centered on the table,with a radius slightly greater than the largest radius of the flask(to restrain t
29、he flask movement on the table).4A device that iscapable of stopping any lateral movement of the flask duringvibration is required (See Note 5). The air gap setting betweenthe armatures of the vibrating table is critical to the generationof the proper vibrational amplitude and must be adjustedaccord
30、ing to the manufacturers instructions. Manufacturersrecommendations and precautions for proper operation must befollowed to assure the accurate determination of the pack setindex.NOTE 5Three or four dowel pins of 6 to 10 mm diameter and 25 to 30mm long will be sufficient to restrain the flask. Inter
31、connecting rubberbands or rubber cam-locks can be used to restrain the flask to preventlateral movement of the flask during vibration.7.4 Roto-Tester, (see Fig. 2), a device on which the Erlen-meyer flask can be mounted in a horizontal position against avertical, flat, rotating plate that contains f
32、rictional hold-downcams to prevent the flask from falling, and capable of smoothlyrotating the flask and table while in that horizontal position, in180 increments at the rate of approximately 40 one-halfrotations per minute with a short partial second pause betweenhalf-rotations. The device shall be
33、 equipped with a countercapable of recording the number of one-half rotations of thetable.57.5 Voltmeter, capable of measuring and displaying thevoltage delivered to the vibrating table to the nearest 0.5 VAC.7.6 Variable-voltage Transformer, inductance-type, capableof supplying the vibrating table
34、with voltage within the rangeof0vto100%ofthedesign voltage of the vibrating table.7.7 Automatic Timer, capable of controlling the “ON” timeof the variable-voltage transformer and the vibrating table to 15612 s.8. Preparation of ApparatusDetermination ofMaximum Voltage8.1 Determine the maximum voltag
35、e applied to the vibrat-ing table to achieve the maximum pack-set index number for asample.8.1.1 Turn the vibrating table ON, and using the voltageadjustment of the variable-transformer, set the voltage so thatlittle or no compaction takes place in the cement sample duringthe 15 s vibration. Increme
36、nt the voltage by 2v until the4The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis the FMC Syntron Model J-1 Vibrating Table, manufactured by the FMCTechnologies Company, Homer City, PA. 15748. If you are aware of alternativesuppliers, please provide this information to
37、ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsibletechnical committee1, which you may attend.5The Roto-tester is a specialized apparatus with limited commercial availability.A list of possible suppliers can be obtained from ASTM if needed
38、.C1565042compaction achieved result is a pack-set index value greaterthan zero. Continue incrementing the voltage by 2v until apack-set index is determined that is lower than the indexdetermined using the preceding voltage. The preceding voltageis the maximum voltage for that cement and apparatus co
39、mbi-nation (See Note 6).NOTE 6The test method uses the concept of vibration voltageincreasing in order to develop cement bed compaction from nearly nothingto that voltage which provides a maximum pack-set index, to that voltagewhich disrupts the compaction and reduces the pack-set index to below the
40、maximum. A starting voltage somewhere between 40-60 volts willgenerally satisfy that need.8.2 Determine the maximum voltage for the followingconditions:8.2.1 For each type of cement from a single source.8.2.2 For samples obtained in the field or for interlaboratorytesting.8.2.3 Whenever the flask or
41、 cork is changed.8.2.4 Whenever the vibrating table, voltmeter, variable-transformer, timer, or Roto-Tester are adjusted or replaced.8.2.5 No less frequently than every 1 month for any singlecement from a single source.9. Conditioning9.1 Maintain the temperature of the room and dry materialsat 23.0
42、6 3.0 C.9.2 Maintain the relative humidity of the testing room at aminimum of 50 %.9.3 Sieve all samples through an 850-m (No. 20) meshscreen prior to the pack-set determination.9.4 Prior to each use, clean the inside and outside of theflask, the table top of the vibrating table, and the roto-tester
43、with a dry clean cloth.10. Procedure10.1 Place 100.0 6 0.1 g of cement, or 90.0 6 0.1 g if TypeIII cement, into the clean flask. Stopper tightly with the corkstopper to avoid spillage.10.2 De-agglomeration:10.2.1 Support the flask with the neck maintained in anearly horizontal position (consider nea
44、rly horizontal to be lessthan 90 but more than 70 from the vertical position of theflask). Rotate the flask one-half turn in the same direction.Continue rotation at the rate of two half-turns per second for aminimum of 10 s (See Note 7).10.2.2 Level the bed of cement by manually suspending theflask
45、by the neck in an upright position and gently swirling theflask about its longitudinal axis. Avoid excessive shaking orswirling which can cause re-agglomeration of the cementparticles.NOTE 7Proper and sufficient de-agglomeration is required for accept-able repeatability of the test. Operators should
46、 practice the procedure toFIG. 1 Vibrating TableC1565043reduce differences between repeat determinations of the index.10.3 Insure that the voltage supplied to the vibrating table isset at the predetermined maximum voltage. The table must be“ON” for this procedure. Turn the table “OFF” when finished.
47、10.4 Gently place the flask onto the vibrating table inside ofthe retaining dowels, engage the restraining device in such amanner as to insure zero lateral movement between dowels andflask wall during vibration. Set the timer for 15 s, and operatethe vibrating table for the 15 s.10.5 Remove the flas
48、k from the table, gently tip the flask toa horizontal position, place the flask into the roto-tester,carefully fasten the flask into the roto-tester with the frictioncam clamps. The bottom of the flask and the roto-tester tablemust be contacting each other over the entire circumference ofthe flask.
49、Read the counter on the roto-tester or reset thecounter to zero. Operate the roto-tester until the consolidatedbed of cement collapses from the bottom of the flask. Turn theroto-tester “off” and read the counter. If the bed only partiallycollapses, consider the run invalid if the bed does not com-pletely collapse within two additional one-half rotations. Sub-tract the beginning number from the ending number to deter-mine the number of one-half rotations required to collapse thebed of cement (See Note 8).10.6 Make five (5) determinations using steps 10.2, 10.4,and
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