1、Designation: C 16 03e1Standard Test Method forLoad Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 16; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEAdjunct references were corrected editorially in July 2006.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-tance to def
3、ormation or shear of refractory shapes whensubjected to a specified compressive load at a specifiedtemperature for a specified time.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport
4、to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 862 P
5、ractice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Speci-mens by CastingE 220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples ByComparison Techniques2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Direct-Load Type Furnace (Oil or Gas Fired, or ElectricallyFired); Lever-Load Type Furnace33. Significance and Use3.1 The ability of a refractory
6、 shapes to withstand pre-scribed loads at elevated temperatures is a measure of thehigh-temperature service potential of the material. By defini-tion, refractory shapes must resist change due to high tempera-ture; and the ability to withstand deformation or shape changewhen subjected to significant
7、loading at elevated temperaturesis clearly demonstrated when refractory shapes are subjected tothis test method. The test method is normally run at sufficientlyhigh temperature to allow some liquids to form within the testbrick or to cause weakening of the bonding system. The resultis usually a decr
8、ease in sample dimension parallel to theapplied load and increase in sample dimensions perpendicularto the loading direction. Occasionally, shear fracture can occur.Since the test provides easily measurable changes in dimen-sions, prescribed limits can be established, and the test methodhas been lon
9、g used to determine refractory quality. The testmethod has often been used in the establishment of writtenspecifications between producers and consumers.3.2 This test method is not applicable for refractory mate-rials that are unstable in an oxidizing atmosphere unless meansare provided to protect t
10、he specimens.4. Apparatus4.1 The apparatus shall consist essentially of a furnace anda loading device. It may be constructed in accordance with Fig.1 or Fig. 2 or their equivalent.34.1.1 The furnace shall be so constructed that the tempera-ture is substantially uniform in all parts of the furnace. T
11、hetemperature as measured at any point on the surface of the testspecimens shall not differ by more than 10F (5.5C) duringthe holding period of the test or, on test to failure, above2370F (1300C). To accomplish this, it may be necessary toinstall and adjust baffles within the furnace. A minimum of t
12、woburners shall be used. If difficulty is encountered in followingthe low-temperature portion of the schedule (particularly forsilica brick), a dual-burner system is recommended, one tosupply heat for low temperatures and another for the highertemperatures.4.2 The temperature shall be measured eithe
13、r with cali-brated4,5,6platinum - platinum - rhodium thermocouples, eachencased in a protection tube with the junction not more than 1in. (25 mm) from the center of the side or edge of eachspecimen or with a calibrated4,5,6pyrometer. A recording form1This test method is under the jurisdiction of AST
14、M Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommiteee C08.01on Strength.Current edition approved Nov 1, 2003. Published November 2003. Originallyapproved in 1917. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C 16 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.a
15、stm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Blueprints of detailed drawings of the furnaces shown in Figs. 1 and 2 areavailable from ASTM International. Request ADJC
16、0016.4Test Method E 220 specifies calibration procedures for thermocouples.5The National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899,will, for a fee, furnish calibrations for radiation-type pyrometers and for thermo-couples.6All temperatures specified in this test conform to the I
17、nternational PracticalTemperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS 1968) as described in Metrologia, Vol 5, No. 2,1969, pp. 3544.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.of temperature indicator is recommended. If the optical pyrom-eter is
18、 used, observations shall be made by sighting on the faceof the specimens and in the same relative positions as thosespecified for the thermocouples.5. Test Specimen5.1 The test specimen shall consist of a minimum of two 9by 412 by 212 or 3-in. (228 by 114 by 64 or 76-mm) straightrefractory brick, o
19、r specimens of this size cut from largerrefractory shapes, utilizing as far as possible existing planesurfaces.5.2 If necessary, the ends of the specimen shall be ground sothat they are approximately perpendicular to the vertical axis.5.3 The test specimen shall be measured before testing, fourobser
20、vations being made on each dimension (length, width,and thickness), at the center of the faces to within 60.02 in.(0.5 mm). The average dimensions shall be recorded, and thecross section calculated.6. Setting the Test Specimen6.1 The test specimen, set on end, shall occupy a position inthe furnace s
21、o that the center line of the applied load coincideswith the vertical axis of the specimen as indicated in Fig. 1 andFig. 2 and shall rest on a block of some highly refractorymaterial, neutral to the specimen, having a minimum expansionor contraction (Note 1). There shall be placed between thespecim
22、en and the refractory blocks a thin layer of highlyrefractory material such as fused alumina, silica, or chromeore, that has been ground to pass a No. 20 (850-m) ASTMsieve (equivalent to a 20-mesh Tyler Standard Series). At thetop of the test specimen a block of similar highly refractorymaterial sho
23、uld be placed, extending through the furnace top toreceive the load.NOTE 1Recommended designs for the furnace and loading device areshown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Inside dimensions may vary between thoseshown on these drawings. The dimensions of the framework will beSI Equivalentsin. mm18 46024 610NOTE
24、 1Dimensions are in inches.FIG. 1 Direct-Load Type Test FurnaceC1603e12determined by the selection made on inside dimensions, thickness ofrefractory wall etc. The framework for either the direct loading or levertype are shown in sufficient detail so detailed drawings for furnaceconstruction can easi
25、ly be made. The use of a flue system with eitherdesign is optional.NOTE 2Gross errors which may more than double the deformationwill result if the specimen is not set perpendicular to the base of thesupport or if the load is applied eccentrically.7. Procedure7.1 LoadingCalculate the gross load to be
26、 appliedthroughout the test from the average cross section of theoriginal specimen as determined in 5.3. Apply a load of 25 psi(172 kPa), before heating is started. When testing specimensthat are likely to fail by shear, make provision so that theloading mechanism cannot drop more than12 in. (13 mm)
27、when failure occurs.7.2 HeatingThe rate of heating shall be in accordancewith the requirements prescribed in Table 1. The temperatureshall not vary more than 620F (11C) from the specifiedtemperature.7.3 Furnace AtmosphereAbove a temperature of 1470F(800C) the furnace atmosphere shall contain a minim
28、um of0.5 % oxygen with 0 % combustibles. Take the atmospheresample from the furnace chamber proper, preferably as near thetest specimen as possible.7.4 Completion of Test and Report7.4.1 Include in the report the designation of the specimenstested (manufacturer, brand, description, etc.). Note, if a
29、ppli-cable, specimen preparation procedures, character of the faces(cut, ground, as-pressed, as-cast, etc.), and pretreatments (cur-ing, firing, coking, etc.).7.4.2 When a shear test is completed by failure of thespecimens, report the temperature of shear. At the expiration ofa test that does not in
30、volve shearing of the specimens, allow thefurnace to cool by radiation to 1830F (1000C) or lowerbefore the load is removed and the specimens are examined.After cooling the test specimens to room temperature, re-measure them for length in accordance with 5.3. Calculate andreport the average percent d
31、eformation, based on the originallength, as the average value of the two specimens.NOTE 3It is recommended that a photograph be made of the speci-mens before and after testing to provide useful information.8. Precision and Bias8.1 Interlaboratory Test Data:8.1.1 Results of a round-robin test between
32、 six laboratoriesrunning two replicates each of a lot of super-duty fireclay brickand a lot of 70 % Al2O3brick (N = 24) using Schedule 3 wereevaluated to develop precision and bias statements.NOTE 1Dimensions are in inches. See Fig. 1 for SI equivalents.FIG. 2 Lever-Load Type Test FurnaceC1603e138.1
33、.2 Using 95 % confidence limits, the differences andinteractions between laboratories were found to be not signifi-cant. The interaction sum of squares was pooled with theresidual error to calculate the within-laboratory variance:Grand mean = 3.19 % subsidenceStandard deviation within laboratories =
34、 60.915 %Standard deviation between laboratories = 60.629 %Coefficient of variation within laboratories = 628.7 %Coefficient of variation between laboratories = 619.7 %8.2 Precision:8.2.1 Critical differences were calculated from the coeffi-cients of variation to normalize for the variation in means
35、 forthe two brick types ( x = 5.43 % subsidence for super-dutybrick and 0.939 % subsidence for 70 % Al2O3brick). Thus, forTABLE 1 Time-Temperature Schedules for Heating the Test Furnace All temperatures shall be maintained within 620F (11C) duringthe heat-up schedule and 610F (5.5C) during the holdi
36、ng period.Elapsed Time fromStart of HeatingSchedule 1,2370F HoldSchedule 2,2460F HoldSchedule 3,2640F HoldSchedule 4,Silica Brick,Test to FailureSchedule 5, Testto FailureSchedule 6,2900F HoldSchedule 7,3000F Holdh min F C F C F C F C F C F C F C1 0 930 500 930 500 1040 560 245 120 1330 720 1330 720
37、 1330 72015 1105 595 1150 620 1255 680 310 155 1490 810 1490 810 1490 81030 1265 685 1330 720 1470 800 380 195 1650 900 1650 900 1650 90045 1420 770 1500 815 1650 900 450 230 1780 970 1780 970 1780 9702 0 1560 850 1650 900 1815 990 535 280 1910 1045 1910 1045 1910 104515 1690 920 1795 980 1960 1070
38、630 330 2005 1095 2005 1095 2005 109530 1815 990 1915 1045 2085 1140 775 415 2100 1150 2100 1150 2100 115045 1920 1050 2010 1100 2190 1200 1025 550 2180 1195 2180 1195 2180 11953 0 2010 1100 2100 1150 2280 1250 1275 690 2260 1240 2260 1240 2260 124015 2095 1145 2185 1195 2355 1290 1525 830 2315 1270
39、 2315 1270 2315 127030 2165 1185 2255 1235 2425 1330 1750 955 2370 1300 2370 1300 2370 130045 2230 1220 2320 1270 2500 1370 1990 1090 2415 1325 2415 1325 2415 13254 0 2280 1250 2370 1300 2550 1400 2200 1205 2460 1350 2460 1350 2460 135015 2325 1275 2425 1330 2605 1430 2400 1315 Continue at 180F 2505
40、 1375 2505 137530 2370 1300 2460 1350 2640 1450 2550 1400 (100C)/h 2550 1400 2550 140045 Hold for 90 min Hold for 90 min Hold for 90 min 2660 1460 to failure 2595 1425 2595 14255 0 . . . . . . . . . 2700 1480 . . . 2640 1450 2640 1450153045Continue at 100F(55C)/hto failure268527302775147515001525268
41、527302775147515001525601530. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28202865290015501575159528202865291015501575160045 Hold for 90 min 2955 16257015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3000 165030 Hold for 90 minTotal time 45 6 h 6 h 6 h 8 h to 3000F(1650C)8 h to 3180F(1750C)8h 812 hTABLE 2 Critical DifferencesNumber
42、 ofObservationsin AverageCritical Difference as Percentof Grand AverageWithin OneLaboratoryBetweenLaboratories1 79.6 96.52 56.3 78.44 39.8 67.66 32.5 63.68 28.1 61.510 25.2 60.2100 8.0 55.2C1603e14the 95 % confidence level and t = 1.96, the critical differencesare as specified in Table 2.8.2.2 The u
43、ser is cautioned that other test temperatures, testschedules, and specimens of different compositions may yieldgreater or less precision than given above.8.3 BiasNo justifiable statement on bias is possible sincethe true value of hot compressive load deformation cannot beestablished.9. Keywords9.1 c
44、ompressive load; deformation resistance; high tem-perature; refractory brick; refractory shapesASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determina
45、tion of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or with
46、drawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that you
47、r comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).C1603e15
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